Long-term course of the changes in the nipple position after breast-conserving surgery.

Purpose: Even if favorable cosmetic outcomes are obtained shortly after breast-conserving surgery (BCS), cosmetic changes may occur up to several years after BCS. In the present study, we evaluated cosmetic changes while focusing on changes in the nipple position after BCS.

Methods: We examined the long-term course of changes in the nipple position over time after BCS using the proportion of the distance between the sternal notch and nipple (PDSN) in 196 patients.

A new indication and surgical procedure to reduce fat necrosis after breast-conserving surgery using an inframammary adipofascial flap.

Background: There is little information on the risk factors for fat necrosis after breast-conserving surgery using an inframammary adipofascial flap (IAF).

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study from a single institution evaluating the risk factors for fat necrosis after breast-conserving surgery using an IAF (n = 41) performed from 2005 to 2020 for newly diagnosed stage 0-2 breast cancer or phyllodes tumor.

Results: Age (≥50 years of age vs.

CD204-positive macrophages accumulate in breast cancer tumors with high levels of infiltrating lymphocytes and programmed death ligand-1 expression.

Although immunotherapy has been demonstrated to be promising in triple-negative (TN) breast cancer (BC), most BC cases are classified as non-TN. To enrich the responders for immunotherapy regardless of their subtypes, classification based on tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) levels and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) status may be useful. However, this classification has not been fully applied to BC.