Toll-like receptors, immunoproteasome and regulatory T cells in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura and primary IgA nephropathy.

Background: Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) nephritis and primary IgA nephropathy (pIgAN) present with glomerular IgA deposits, but differ with regard to clinical features. The suspected involvement of different immune system pathways is largely unknown.

Methods: This study was aimed at investigating some of the immunological features including Toll-like receptors (TLR), proteasome (PS)/immunoproteasome (iPS) switch, and the regulatory T cell system (Treg/Th17 cells) in 63 children with HSP with/without renal involvement and in 25 with pIgAN.

Drug use and upper gastrointestinal complications in children: a case-control study.

Objective: To evaluate the risk of upper gastrointestinal complications (UGIC) associated with drug use in the paediatric population.

Methods: This study is part of a large Italian prospective multicentre study. The study population included children hospitalised for acute conditions through the emergency departments of eight clinical centres.

Community-acquired bloodstream infections among paediatric patients admitted to an Italian tertiary referral centre: a prospective survey.

Introduction. Invasive bacterial diseases continue to represent a significant burden in paediatric age, and the emergence of previously secondary bacteria and antibiotic-resistant strains requires a continuous surveillance. Materials and methods.