Structural and Phylogenetic In Silico Characterization of PRR Protein as Potential Target for Infection.

Fungi infection, especially derived from , causes severe grapevine economic losses worldwide. Despite the availability of chemical treatments, looking for eco-friendly ways to control infection is gaining much more attention. When a plant is infected, multiple disease-control molecular mechanisms are activated.

Fluctuations in AKT and PTEN Activity Are Linked by the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase cCBL.

3-Poly-phosphoinositides (PIP) regulate cell survival, division, and migration. Both PI3-kinase (phosphoinositide-3-kinase) and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin-homolog in chromosome 10) control PIP levels, but the mechanisms connecting PI3-kinase and PTEN are unknown. Using non-transformed cells, the activation kinetics of PTEN and of the PIP-effector AKT were examined after the addition of growth factors.

Functions of Nuclear Polyphosphoinositides.

Despite interest in phosphoinositide (PtdIns) kinases, such as PtdIns 3 kinases (PI3K), as targets for controlling plasma membrane PtdIns levels in disease, the PtdIns have another less well-known site of action in the cell nucleus.Recent studies show that PtdIns use a variety of strategies to alter DNA responses. Here, we provide an overview of these newly identified forms of gene expression control, which should be considered when studying the therapeutic use of PtdIns-directed compounds.

The Opposing Roles of PIK3R1/p85α and PIK3R2/p85β in Cancer.

Dysregulation of the PI3K/PTEN pathway is a frequent event in cancer, and PIK3CA and PTEN are the most commonly mutated genes after TP53. PIK3R1 is the predominant regulatory isoform of PI3K. PIK3R2 is an ubiquitous isoform that has been so far overlooked, but data from The Cancer Genome Atlas shows that increased expression of PIK3R2 is also frequent in cancer.

Targeted depletion of PIK3R2 induces regression of lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Oncogenic mutations in the PI3K/AKT pathway are present in nearly half of human tumors. Nonetheless, inhibitory compounds of the pathway often induce pathway rebound and tumor resistance. We find that lung squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC), which accounts for ~20% of lung cancer, exhibits increased expression of the PI3K subunit PIK3R2, which is at low expression levels in normal tissues.