Early evaluation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance on antimicrobial use in food animals on antimicrobial resistance trends reported by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (2012-2019).

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest challenges to global public health. To address this issue in the US, governmental agencies have implemented system-wide guidance frameworks and recommendations aimed at reducing antimicrobial use. In particular, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prohibited the extra-label use of cephalosporins in food animals in 2012 and issued the guidance for industry (GFI) #213 about establishing a framework to phase out the use of all medically relevant drugs for growth promotion in 2012.

Corrigendum: The Potential Distribution of in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.

A review of epidemiological models of Clostridioides difficile transmission and control (2009-2021).

Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea and one of the most common healthcare-acquired infections worldwide. We performed a systematic search and a bibliometric analysis of mathematical and computational models for Clostridioides difficile transmission. We identified 33 publications from 2009 to 2021.

Whole Genome or Single Genes? A Phylodynamic and Bibliometric Analysis of PRRSV.

Diversity, ecology, and evolution of viruses are commonly determined through phylogenetics, an accurate tool for the identification and study of lineages with different pathological characteristics within the same species. In the case of PRRSV, evolutionary research has divided into two main branches based on the use of a specific gene (i.e.

Use of partial N-gene sequences as a tool to monitor progress on rabies control and elimination efforts in Ethiopia.

Ethiopia is one of the African countries most affected by rabies. A coarse catalog of rabies viruses (RABV) was created as a benchmark to assess the impact of control and elimination activities. We evaluated a 726 bp amplicon at the end of the N-gene to infer viral lineages in circulation using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods for phylogenetic reconstruction.

Impact of changes of horse movement regulations on the risks of equine infectious anemia: A risk assessment approach.

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a transboundary disease affecting a large number of equines worldwide. In this study, we assessed the transmission risk of EIAV in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Serum samples from 1010 animals from 341 farms were initially analyzed using agar gel immunodiffusion to detect viral antibodies, and no antibody-positive animals were found.

The Potential Distribution of in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia.

is a widespread pathogen that causes pythiosis in mammals. Recent increase in cases reported in North America indicates a need to better understand the distribution and persistence of the pathogen in the environment. In this study, we reconstructed the distribution of in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, located on Assateague Island, Virginia, and based on 136 environmental water samples collected between June and September of 2019.

Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus: A Historical and Epidemiological Perspective.

Nairobi Sheep Disease virus (NSDv) is a zoonotic and tick-borne disease that can cause over 90% mortality in small ruminants. NSDv has historically circulated in East Africa and has recently emerged in the Asian continent. Despite efforts to control the disease, some regions, mostly in warmer climates, persistently report disease outbreaks.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus dissemination across pig production systems in the United States.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains widespread in the North American pig population. Despite improvements in virus characterization, it is unclear whether PRRSV infections are a product of viral circulation within production systems (local) or across production systems (external). Here, we examined the local and external dissemination dynamics of PRRSV and the processes facilitating its spread in three production systems.

Spatial distribution and spread potential of sixteen Leptospira serovars in a subtropical region of Brazil.

Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that represents a major problem in animal and public health due to its high prevalence and widespread distribution. This zoonotic disease is most prevalent in tropical environments where conditions favour pathogen survival. The ecological preferences of Leptospira serovars are poorly understood, limiting our knowledge of where and when outbreaks can occur, which may result in misinformed prevention and control plans.

Alternative reproductive adaptations predict asymmetric responses to climate change in lizards.

Anthropogenic climate change ranks among the major global-scale threats to modern biodiversity. Extinction risks are known to increase via the interactions between rapid climatic alterations and environmentally-sensitive species traits that fail to adapt to those changes. Accumulating evidence reveals the influence of ecophysiological, ecological and phenological factors as drivers underlying demographic collapses that lead to population extinctions.

The Macroecology of Chemical Communication in Lizards: Do Climatic Factors Drive the Evolution of Signalling Glands?

Chemical communication plays a pivotal role in shaping sexual and ecological interactions among animals. In lizards, fundamental mechanisms of sexual selection such as female mate choice have rarely been shown to be influenced by quantitative phenotypic traits (e.g.

Interpopulational and seasonal variation in the chemical signals of the lizard .

Communicative traits are strikingly diverse and may vary among populations of the same species. Within a population, these traits may also display seasonal variation. Chemical signals play a key role in the communication of many taxa.

Macroevolutionary diversification of glands for chemical communication in squamate reptiles.

Chemical communication plays a central role in social, sexual and ecological interactions among animals. However, the macroevolutionary diversification of traits responsible for chemical signaling remains fundamentally unknown. Most research investigating evolutionary diversification of glands responsible for the production of chemical signals has focused on arthropods, while its study among vertebrates remains neglected.

Heterogeneous tempo and mode of evolutionary diversification of compounds in lizard chemical signals.

Important part of the multivariate selection shaping social and interspecific interactions among and within animal species emerges from communication. Therefore, understanding the diversification of signals for animal communication is a central endeavor in evolutionary biology. Over the last decade, the rapid development of phylogenetic approaches has promoted a stream of studies investigating evolution of communication signals.

The sexual signals of speciation? A new sexually dimorphic Phymaturus species of the patagonicus clade from Patagonia Argentina.

Evolution is a multivariate process which, therefore, is expected to leave multiple recognizable signals after episodes of speciation. These signals express in the genome regardless of the mechanism driving speciation, and in a few or in multiple phenotypic traits when divergent selection has been implicated. In lineages that have undergone adaptive radiations (i.