Somatostatin: a possible mediator of the long-term effects of experimental vertical gastrectomy on glucose metabolism in rats?

Background: Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is one of the most commonly performed bariatric surgeries. SG treats type 2 diabetes mellitus better than several drugs. The mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon are not clear.

The role of glucagon after bariatric/metabolic surgery: much more than an "anti-insulin" hormone.

The biological activity of glucagon has recently been proposed to both stimulate hepatic glucose production and also include a paradoxical insulinotropic effect, which could suggest a new role of glucagon in the pathophysiology type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). An insulinotropic role of glucagon has been observed after bariatric/metabolic surgery that is mediated through the GLP-1 receptor on pancreatic beta cells. This effect appears to be modulated by other members of the proglucagon family, playing a key role in the beneficial effects and complications of bariatric/metabolic surgery.

Dual effect of RYGB on the entero-insular axis: How GLP-1 is enhanced by surgical duodenal exclusion.

Background: The role of the ileum and Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in the pathophysiological processes underlying the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) improvement has been previously determined. However, the roles of duodenal exclusion and Glucose Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) secretion change is not clear. To clarify this aspect, we compared the pathophysiological mechanisms triggered by RYGB, which implies the early arrival of food to the ileum with duodenal exclusion, and through pre-duodenal ileal transposition (PdIT), with early arrival of food to the ileum but without duodenal exclusion, in a nondiabetic rodent model.

Anticipatory Antifungal Treatment in Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) in critically ill patients and the impact of anticipatory antifungal treatment on the incidence of CAPA in critically ill patients.

Methods: Before/after observational study in a mixed intensive care unit (ICU) of a university teaching hospital. The study took place between March 2020 and June 2022.

Somatostatin: From a supporting actor to the protagonist to explain the long-term effect of sleeve gastrectomy on glucose metabolism.

Background: Bariatric/metabolic surgery has become the most effective treatment against type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The role of many gastrointestinal hormones in T2DM has been proposed, but the pathophysiological models described vary greatly depending on the anatomical rearrangements after surgery. We focus on somatostatin as a common factor in two of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in a healthy rodent model.

Peptide Tyrosine-Tyrosine Triggers GLP-2-Mediated Intestinal Hypertrophy After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

Unlabelled: PURPOSE : Intestinal remodeling and adaptation of the alimentary limb after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) play an important role in the pathophysiological events that lead to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) improvement. Intestinal absorptive loop hypertrophy and growth following surgery have been related to GLP-2 secretion by ileal L-cells. The secretion of peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) enterohormone after a meal has been proposed as a trigger for ileal secretion of GLP-1.

Dynamic Arterial Elastance During Experimental Endotoxic Septic Shock: A Potential Marker of Cardiovascular Efficiency.

Dynamic arterial elastance (Ea), the ratio between pulse pressure variation (PPV) and stroke volume variation (SVV), has been suggested as a dynamic parameter relating pressure and flow. We aimed to determine the effects of endotoxic septic shock and hemodynamic resuscitation on Ea in an experimental study in 18 New Zealand rabbits. Animals received placebo (SHAM, = 6) or intravenous lipopolysaccharide (E.

Noradrenaline modifies arterial reflection phenomena and left ventricular efficiency in septic shock patients: A prospective observational study.

Purpose: To determine whether noradrenaline alters the arterial pressure reflection phenomena in septic shock patients and the effects on left ventricular (LV) efficiency.

Material And Methods: Thirty-seven septic shock patients with a planned change in noradrenaline dose. Timing and magnitude (Reflection Magnitude and Augmentation Index) of arterial reflections were evaluated.

Effects of fluid administration on arterial load in septic shock patients.

Purpose: To determine the effects of fluid administration on arterial load in critically ill patients with septic shock.

Methods: Analysis of septic shock patients monitored with an oesophageal Doppler and equipped with an indwelling arterial catheter in whom a fluid challenge was performed because of the presence of systemic hypoperfusion. Measures of arterial load [systemic vascular resistance, SVR = mean arterial pressure (MAP)/cardiac output (CO); net arterial compliance, C = stroke volume (SV)/arterial pulse pressure; and effective arterial elastance, Ea = 90% of systolic arterial pressure/SV] were studied both before and after volume expansion (VE).

Dynamic arterial elastance as a predictor of arterial pressure response to fluid administration: a validation study.

Introduction: Functional assessment of arterial load by dynamic arterial elastance (Eadyn), defined as the ratio between pulse pressure variation (PPV) and stroke volume variation (SVV), has recently been shown to predict the arterial pressure response to volume expansion (VE) in hypotensive, preload-dependent patients. However, because both SVV and PPV were obtained from pulse pressure analysis, a mathematical coupling factor could not be excluded. We therefore designed this study to confirm whether Eadyn, obtained from two independent signals, allows the prediction of arterial pressure response to VE in fluid-responsive patients.

The use of pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation in spontaneously breathing patients to assess dynamic arterial elastance and to predict arterial pressure response to fluid administration.

Background: Dynamic arterial elastance (Eadyn), defined as the pulse pressure variation (PPV) to stroke volume variation (SVV) ratio, has been suggested as a predictor of the arterial pressure response to fluid administration. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of Eadyn to predict the arterial blood pressure response to a fluid challenge (FC) in preload-dependent, spontaneously breathing patients.

Methods: Patients admitted postoperatively and monitored with the Nexfin monitor (BMEYE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) were enrolled in the study.

Impact of arterial load on the agreement between pulse pressure analysis and esophageal Doppler.

Introduction: The reliability of pulse pressure analysis to estimate cardiac output is known to be affected by arterial load changes. However, the contribution of each aspect of arterial load could be substantially different. In this study, we evaluated the agreement of eight non-commercial algorithms of pulse pressure analysis for estimating cardiac output (PPCO) with esophageal Doppler cardiac output (EDCO) during acute changes of arterial load.

Non-invasive assessment of fluid responsiveness by changes in partial end-tidal CO2 pressure during a passive leg-raising maneuver.

Background: The passive leg-raising (PLR) maneuver provides a dynamic assessment of fluid responsiveness inducing a reversible increase in cardiac preload. Since its effects are sudden and transitory, a continuous cardiac output (CO) monitoring is required to appropriately assess the hemodynamic response of PLR. On the other hand, changes in partial end-tidal CO2 pressure (PETCO2) have been demonstrated to be tightly correlated with changes in CO during constant ventilation and stable tissue CO2 production (VCO2).

Dynamic arterial elastance to predict arterial pressure response to volume loading in preload-dependent patients.

Introduction: Hemodynamic resuscitation should be aimed at achieving not only adequate cardiac output but also sufficient mean arterial pressure (MAP) to guarantee adequate tissue perfusion pressure. Since the arterial pressure response to volume expansion (VE) depends on arterial tone, knowing whether a patient is preload-dependent provides only a partial solution to the problem. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of a functional evaluation of arterial tone by dynamic arterial elastance (Ea(dyn)), defined as the pulse pressure variation (PPV) to stroke volume variation (SVV) ratio, to predict the hemodynamic response in MAP to fluid administration in hypotensive, preload-dependent patients with acute circulatory failure.