Optical coherence tomography angiography based prognostic factors and visual outcomes in primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after pars plana vitrectomy.

Purpose: To evaluate the visual outcomes and changes in the retinal microcirculation in patients with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) following successful pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).

Methods: Nine macula-on RRD and 23 macula-off RRD eyes were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical data was collected at admission and 3 months after PPV.

Hydrogel-based hybrid membrane enhances in vitro ophthalmic drug evaluation in the OphthalMimic device.

Envisaging to improve the evaluation of ophthalmic drug products while minimizing the need for animal testing, our group developed the OphthalMimic device, a 3D-printed device that incorporates an artificial lacrimal flow, a cul-de-sac area, a moving eyelid, and a surface that interacts effectively with ophthalmic formulations, thereby providing a close representation of human ocular conditions. An important application of such a device would be its use as a platform for dissolution/release tests that closely mimic in vivo conditions. However, the surface that artificially simulates the cornea should have a higher resistance (10 min) than the previously described polymeric films (5 min).

Chorioretinal Atrophic Lesions Evolution in Patients with Quiescent Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization Followed for More Than 10 Years.

Purpose: To evaluate the progression of chorioretinal atrophic areas associated with myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in high myopic patients followed by a minimum period of 10 years.

Patients And Methods: Patients with myopic CNV lesions that achieved clinical and structural remissions over 10 years of follow-up were included. Medical records were reviewed for CNV characterization and treatment, best-corrected visual acuity at baseline (BCVA0), immediately after the last treatment (BCVA1) and at the latest visit (BCVA2).

OphthalMimic: A new alternative apparatus without animal tissue for the evaluation of topical ophthalmic drug products.

The necessity of animal-free performance tests for novel ophthalmic formulation screening is challenging. For this, we developed and validated a new device to simulate the dynamics and physical-chemical barriers of the eye for in vitro performance tests of topic ophthalmic formulations. The OphthalMimic is a 3D-printed device with an artificial lacrimal flow, a cul-de-sac area, a support base, and a simulated cornea comprised of a polymeric membrane containing poly-vinyl alcohol 10 % (w/v), gelatin 2.

Two-Step Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome Management: Endocapsular Intraocular Lens and Artificial Iris Followed by Descemet's Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty.

A 54-year-old female presented with complaints of glare and progressive visual loss OS with a corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) OS of 20/100. The patient had grade 1 corneal edema with a "beaten bronze" appearance on specularly reflected light, pseudopolycoria, and a nuclear sclerotic cataract. The diagnosis of nuclear cataract and progressive iris atrophy iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome was made, and the patient underwent uneventful phacoemulsification with capsular bag placement of an AcrySof SA60AT intraocular lens combined with pseudopolycoria repair using an endocapsular Model A REPER artificial iris.

Dynamic Ex Vivo Porcine Eye Model to Measure Ophthalmic Drug Penetration under Simulated Lacrimal Flow.

Animal models are still used in the research and development of ophthalmic drug products, mainly due to the difficulty in simulating natural physiological conditions with in vitro models, as there is a lack of dynamic protection mechanisms. Therefore, developing alternative ophthalmic models that evaluate drug penetration in the cornea while applying dynamic protection barriers is a contemporary challenge. This study aimed to develop a dynamic ex vivo model using porcine eyes with a simulated lacrimal flow to evaluate the performance of pharmaceutical drug products.

In Vitro Performance Analysis of a Minoxidil Thermosensitive Gel with Reduced Runoff for Eyebrow Hair Growth.

There is a growing interest in innovative products for eyebrow hair loss treatment with fewer adverse effects. Nevertheless, a fundamental formulation aspect of preventing the fragile skin from the ocular region from being irritated is that the formulations remain restricted to the application region and do not run off. Consequently, the methods and protocols in drug delivery scientific research must be adapted to fulfill such performance analysis demand.

Terson Syndrome - Clinical Presentation, Management, and Visual Outcomes in a Tertiary Centre.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical presentation, management strategy and visual outcomes of patients diagnosed with Terson syndrome and followed in a tertiary centre in Portugal.

Patients And Methods: A single-centre retrospective study was performed, based on the survey review of the medical records of every consecutive patient diagnosed with Terson syndrome and followed from January 2018 to August 2021. The change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from baseline to the final evaluation was the primary outcome.

Best Fit Sphere Back and Adjusted Maximum Elevation of Corneal Back Surface as Novel Predictors of Keratoconus Progression.

Purpose: We evaluated the Maximum Elevation of Corneal Back Surface adjusted to the same Best Fit Sphere Back (BFSB) between timeline measurements (AdjEleBmax) and the BFSB radius (BFSBR) itself as new tomographic parameters for documentation of ectasia progression and compare them with the most recent and reliable parameters used on keratoconus (KC) progression.

Results: We evaluated the performance and the ideal cutoff point of Kmax, D-index, posterior radius of curvature from the 3.0 mm centered on the thinnest point (PRC), EleBmax, BFSBR, and AdjEleBmax as isolated parameters to document KC progression (defined as a significant change in two or more variables), we found a sensitivity of 70%, 82%, 79%, 65%, 51%, and 63% and a specificity of 91%, 98%, 80%, 73%, 80%, and 84% to detect KC progression.

Intravitreal Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant (FAc, 0.19 mg, ILUVIEN®) in the Treatment of Patients with Recurrent Cystoid Macular Edema After Pars Plana Vitrectomy.

Introduction: Postoperative cystoid macular edema (PCME) is a complication of several ocular procedures, including pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), due to the activation of the inflammatory cascade. The purpose of this case series is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant (FAc, 0.2 μg/day; ILUVIEN®) in the treatment of refractory PCME after successful PPV.

Hypotony Maculopathy Related to Anti-VEGF Intravitreal Injection.

Purpose: To describe a case of hypotony maculopathy following anti-VEGF intravitreal injection (IVI) in a patient with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PE).

Methods: Clinical case report.

Results: A 52-year-old male complained of right eye (OD) vision loss 2 days after an uncomplicated anti-VEGF IVI for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to angioid streaks.

Long-Term Effect of Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (Anti-VEGF) Injections in Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Angioid Streaks.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections in the treatment of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with angioid streaks.

Methods: Multicenter retrospective cohort study, including eyes with CNV secondary to angioid streaks treated with anti-VEGF injections, were performed. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in ETDRS letters; qualitative and quantitative (foveal thickness) OCT parameters; anti-VEGF type; and number of injections were collected at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 months.

Prevalence and Area of Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Outer Retinal Atrophy in Eyes with Non-Exudative Macular Neovascularization.

Purpose: The objective of this study wasto assess the prevalence of complete retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retinal atrophy (cRORA) in patients with unilateral exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) of the fellow eye and establish if the presence of non-exudative macular neovascularization (NE-MNV) influences the prevalence of RPE and outer retinal atrophy in eyes with AMD.

Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study of 68 patients with unilateral exudative AMD. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and multimodal retinal imaging was performed in all patients.

Bilateral Episcleral Corkscrew Vessels: Expedition into the Unknown - Case Report.

We aim to report a case of a middle-aged woman with bilateral idiopathic elevated episcleral venous pressure (IEEVP) and its difficulties in the diagnostic approach. Particularly in this case, the atypical feature of ocular hypertension without glaucomatous optic nerve damage may be misleading. We present a 66-year-old woman with longstanding bilateral "red eyes.

Covid-19 Impact on Macular Neovascularization and Retinal Vein Occlusion Treatment: Single-Center Experience.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in undertreatment and subsequent loss of visual acuity (VA) in patients with macular neovascularization (MNV) or retinal vein occlusion (RVO) regularly treated with intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor injections.

Methods: Single-center, retrospective study of patients scheduled for treatment between March 19 and June 1, 2020, the national mandatory quarantine period. Patients' demographics, VA, and scheduled treatment during this period were reviewed via medical records.

Gut microbiota and age-related macular degeneration: A growing partnership.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of severe, irreversible vision impairment in developed countries, and its prevalence is rising all over the world, increasing sharply with age. AMD represents an acquired degeneration of the retina that causes significant central visual impairment through a combination of noneovascular and neovascular derangement. The main risk factors for the development of advanced AMD are increasing age, genetic factors, and cigarette smoking; however, the exact pathophysiology of AMD is yet relatively poorly understood.

Increased Choroidal Thickness in Morquio Syndrome.

The purpose of this clinical case report is to describe a case of mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA), or Morquio syndrome, with increased choroidal thickness in enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) which can represent choroidal deposition of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). A 21-year-old male with genetically confirmed diagnosis of MPS IVA was examined at our Pediatric Ophthalmology clinic as part of our follow-up protocol for MPS patients. His best-corrected visual acuity was 4/10 in his right eye (OD) and 6/10 in the left eye (OS).

Two Novel Disease-Causing Variants in the PDE6C Gene Underlying Achromatopsia.

We report the clinical phenotype and genetic findings of two variants in PDE6C underlying achromatopsia (ACHM). Four patients with the variant c.1670G>A in exon 13 of the PDE6C gene were identified.

Endophthalmitis following Intravitreal Injection, Cataract Surgery, and Vitrectomy: Clinical Features and Visual Outcomes.

Purpose: To describe and compare the clinical features and visual outcomes of endophthalmitis following intravitreal injections (IVI), cataract surgery, and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).

Methods: This is a single-centre, retrospective study. All included patients had acute postoperative endophthalmitis secondary to one of these three procedures.

Corneal structure and endothelial morphological changes after uneventful phacoemulsification in type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic patients.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare corneal structure and endothelial morphological changes after uneventful phacoemulsification cataract surgery between type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic patients and to determine the preoperative and intraoperative factors that may predict greater endothelial cell density loss.

Methods: Forty-five diabetic pa-tients (45 eyes) and 43 controls (43 eyes) with age-related cataract were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Corneal (thickness and volume) and anterior segment parameters were measured by Scheimpflug tomography; endothelial cell density and morphology (coefficient of variation of cell size, hexagonal cells) were recorded using noncontact specular microscopy.

Macular Changes in a Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I Patient with Earlier Systemic Therapies.

Purpose: To describe retinal findings in a patient with mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) that underwent an early treatment with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). . We describe a case of a 12-year-old female with a biochemical and genetic diagnosis of MPS I.