Insecticidal nanoformulations based on a lipid matrix: Physicochemical properties and their effect on non-target aquatic biota.

The incorporation of lambda-cyhalothrin (LC) in lipid nanoparticles (LN) could be a sustainable strategy to increase its efficacy and decrease its hazard to the environment. The purpose of the present work was to perform the interaction between LC and LN after nanoencapsulation and to evaluate their effect on species from different aquatic trophic levels such as Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Lemna minor, and Daphnia magna. LN loaded with LC (LN-LC) were produced by green and simple methodology without organic solvents using Precirol ATO5® and Capryol 90® as solid and liquid lipids, respectively, and soy lecithin and TEGO® Care as emulsifiers.