Exploring spiking neural networks for deep reinforcement learning in robotic tasks.

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) stand as the third generation of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), mirroring the functionality of the mammalian brain more closely than their predecessors. Their computational units, spiking neurons, characterized by Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs), allow for dynamic system representation, with spikes serving as the medium for asynchronous communication among neurons. Due to their inherent ability to capture input dynamics, SNNs hold great promise for deep networks in Reinforcement Learning (RL) tasks.

The impact of COVID-19 vaccination programme in the Republic of San Marino: Focus on effectiveness of Gam-Covid-Vac.

Objective: The adenovirus-based vaccine Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) showed promising effectiveness in a phase 3 clinical trial; however, data concerning its impact at a population level are scarce. The Republic of San Marino (RSM) conducted a SARS-CoV-2 vaccination programme mainly based (>80%) on Gam-COVID-Vac. Our aims were to investigate the impact of Gam-COVID-Vac vaccination programme and its effectiveness in a retrospective observational study based on the entire RSM population aged ≥12 years.

Strongyloides stercoralis infection in San Marino Republic: first epidemiological data from an observational study.

Strongyloides stercoralis is a neglected parasite that can cause death in immunocompromised individuals. There were no data on the epidemiology of S. stercoralis infection in San Marino Republic until two patients (one of whom died) were diagnosed with severe strongyloidiasis (hyperinfection) between September 2016 and March 2017.

Renal cell carcinoma associated with prominent angioleiomyoma-like proliferation: Report of 5 cases and review of the literature.

Five cases of renal cell carcinoma of clear cell type are presented, Fuhrmann's grade 2, associated with a peculiar stromal proliferation having angioleiomyoma-like features. This proliferation was particularly prominent at the interphase between the tumor edge and the surrounding normal tissues, in which it acquired the configuration of a tumor capsule. Four similar cases were taken from the literature.