Chronic peritoneal dialysis in children.

The incidence of end-stage renal disease in children is increasing. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the modality of choice in many European countries and is increasingly applied worldwide. PD enables children of all ages to be successfully treated while awaiting the ultimate goal of renal transplantation.

The challenge of maintaining dialysis lines in the under twos.

Introduction: Hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) are essential adjuncts in the management of children with established renal failure (ERF), but complications are common, particularly in the younger age groups. We reviewed catheter life and catheter-related complications in children who began chronic dialysis before the age of 2 years.

Method: From the case notes of the children, born between 1990 and 2008, the data gathered included etiology of ERF, age at first dialysis catheter, complications, catheter life, and number of PD and HD.

Laparoscopic extraction of the awkward intravesical foreign body: a point of technique.

A technique is described to extract intravesical foreign bodies that cannot be safely extracted urethrally. A laparoscopic port is introduced via a small suprapubic incision into a saline distended bladder. The entry into the bladder is guided by visualization through the cystoscope.