Introduction: A case report of small bowel obstruction related to barbed suture in a postoperative patient of laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy.
Case Description: A 61 -year-old female with a body mass index of 27 with vault prolapse underwent laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy. The patient was discharged on postoperative day two.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
November 2022
Phototoxicity testing is required by European regulations for agrochemicals with UV/visible molar extinction/absorption coefficient (MEC) higher than 10 L x mol x cm in the 290-700 nm wavelength range. Furthermore, regulations identify a need of considering human exposure in case of positive results. While in vitro OECD test guidelines are available for hazard characterisation, there is no guidance on how to utilise positive results in human exposure risk assessments.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRegul Toxicol Pharmacol
June 2020
To protect human health, acute reference values have been established for pesticides which have the potential to cause a toxic effect after acute human exposure. These values are used to identify exposure levels below which there is no appreciable risk. Comprehensive reference documents, including OECD criteria, are available to aid identification of relevant toxicological endpoints.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA global, harmonized evaluation system for crop protection chemicals based on exposure and risk will improve the ability to inform risk management decisions and better support innovation. This would be achieved through harmonized risk assessment-based regulatory decision-making realized through the application of the best available science, via integration of new methods and traditional data to create tailored exposure-driven risk assessments. A requirement to achieve success is a structure that encourages direct communication between the regulatory community and the regulated industry, which would enable a more rapid incorporation of new technologies and advancing science.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPhysiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models are mathematical representations of chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) in animals. Each parameter in a PBTK model describes a physiological, physicochemical or biochemical process that affects ADME. Distributions can be assigned to the model parameters to describe population variability and uncertainty.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRegul Toxicol Pharmacol
November 2018
The European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) convened a Partners' Forum Toxicokinetics and Read-Across to provide an overview on research activities to develop in vitro toxicokinetics methods and physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) models and to find synergies to enhance use of toxicokinetic data to strengthen read-across. Currently, lacking toxicokinetic data often prevent the application of read-across. Preferably, toxicokinetic data should be generated using in vitro and in silico tools and anchored towards human relevance.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMethods for investigating the Mode of Action (MoA) for rodent liver tumors via constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activation are outlined here, based on current scientific knowledge about CAR and feedback from regulatory agencies globally. The key events (i.e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAlthough an internationally-adopted in vitro dermal absorption test guideline is available (OECD Test Guideline 428), the replacement of the in vivo approach in North America for pesticide formulations has not occurred due to concern over the reliability and consistency of the in vitro results. A 2012 workshop convened a panel of experts in the conduct of in vitro studies used for pesticide risk assessment, together with North American regulators, to examine techniques for in vitro dermal absorption testing. Discussions led to the recommended "best practices" for the conduct of in vitro dermal absorption studies provided herein.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFor the purposes of chemical safety assessment, the value of using non-animal (in silico and in vitro) approaches and generating mechanistic information on toxic effects is being increasingly recognised. For sectors where in vivo toxicity tests continue to be a regulatory requirement, there has been a parallel focus on how to refine studies (i.e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA strategic and comprehensive program in which toxicokinetic (TK) measurements are made for all agrochemicals undergoing toxicity testing (both new compounds and compounds already registered for use) is described. This approach provides the data to more accurately assess the toxicokinetics of agrochemicals and their metabolites in laboratory animals and humans. Having this knowledge provides the ability to conduct more insightful toxicity studies, refine and interpret exposure assessments and reduce uncertainty in risk assessments.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA number of biomonitoring surveys have been performed for chlorpyrifos (CPF) and its metabolite (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, TCPy); however, there is no available guidance on how to interpret these data in a health risk assessment context. To address this gap, Biomonitoring Guidance Values (BGVs) are developed using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model. The PBPK/PD model is used to predict the impact of age and human variability on the relationship between an early marker of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition in the peripheral and central nervous systems [10% red blood cell (RBC) ChE inhibition] and levels of systemic biomarkers.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe impact of subchronic exposure of aflatoxin B1 on the tissue residues of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin was examined in broiler chickens. Broiler chickens given either normal or aflatoxin B1 (750 μg/kg diet) supplemented diets for 6 weeks received enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe metalloid arsenic and the chlorinated insecticide endosulfan are common environmental contaminants. Humans, animals, and birds are exposed to these chemicals through water and food. Although health effects due to either arsenic or endosulfan exposure are documented, the toxicological impact of co-exposure to these environmental pollutants is unpredictable and unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFArsenic is a known global groundwater contaminant, while malathion is one of the most widely used pesticides in agriculture and public health practices in the world. Here, we investigated whether repeated exposure to arsenic at the groundwater contamination levels and to malathion at sublethal levels exerts adverse effects on the hepatic drug-metabolizing system in rats, and whether concurrent exposure is more hazardous than the single agent. Male Wistar rats were exposed daily to 4 or 40 ppm of arsenic via drinking water, 50 or 500 ppm of malathion-mixed feed and in a similar fashion co-exposed to 4 ppm of arsenic and 50 ppm of malathion or 40 ppm of arsenic and 500 ppm of malathion for 28 days.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFArsenic is a known global groundwater contaminant. The organochlorine insecticide endosulfan has gained significance as an environmental pollutant due to its widespread use in the control of many food- and non-food-crop-damaging insects. The adverse effects produced by arsenic or endosulfan alone in humans and animals are well documented, but very little is known about the consequences of their coexposure.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn view of the increased use of anilofos for crop protection and ever increasing arsenic levels in drinking water in many countries, the coexistence of arsenic and anilofos in the environment is a reality and simultaneous exposure of humans and animals to these contaminants could be potentially hazardous. The aim of the present study was to examine whether coexposure to arsenic at the groundwater contamination level could alter the embryofetal toxicity of anilofos in rat model. Anilofos (100 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) and sodium arsenite (1 mg arsenic kg(-1) day(-1)) were administered by gavage either individually or in combination to the pregnant rats from day 6 to day 15 of gestation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Toxicol Pharmacol
September 2006
Malathion is one of the most extensively used organophosphorus pesticides applied in agriculture, mosquito eradication and in the control of animal ectoparasites and human body lice. The widespread use of malathion has raised concern over its potential to cause untoward health effects in humans, animals and birds. Malathion inhibits cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and has the potential to alter pharmacokinetic profiles of therapeutic agents that are metabolized in the liver.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFArch Environ Contam Toxicol
May 2006
Assessment of deleterious effects produced by concurrent exposure to commonly encountered chemicals is of great concern to find out toxicological consequences arising as a result of their interactions and for a more comprehensive management of chemical-induced untoward effects. The naturally occurring heavy metal arsenic is present in food and water. Malathion is one of the most widely used pesticides in agriculture and public health practices worldwide.
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