Publications by authors named "Manohar Shroff"

Background: The underlying mechanism for the association between sleep restriction (SR) and unfavorable cognitive outcomes in children and adolescents remains unclear. This study aimed to understand the effect of 5-night experimental SR on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and cognitive function in adolescents.

Methods: This randomized crossover study compared two sleep conditions, SR and Control Sleep (CS) in a home setting.

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Image guidance is becoming standard of practice for cerebrospinal fluid sampling in children to improve success rates and avoid complications. This article discusses various imaging guidance techniques available in the pediatric age group. For neonates and infants, imaging guidance using ultrasound is the technique of choice, and for older children, fluoroscopy or even cone beam computed tomography can be used when anatomy is complex.

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  • Pediatric neurovascular diseases are serious conditions that can lead to significant health problems and even death.
  • These diseases show a wide range of symptoms, from urgent neurological issues to long-term cognitive and developmental challenges, making accurate diagnosis important.
  • The article reviews the imaging techniques used to diagnose these diseases and highlights common findings observed in pediatric patients.
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  • * It can be triggered by various factors, including infections or cancers, and shares imaging features with other types of encephalitis, particularly limbic encephalitis.
  • * Increased awareness and understanding of AE have improved its detection, highlighting the importance of recognizing its signs in MRI reports for better treatment outcomes.
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Background: The gold standard for evaluation of the severity of moyamoya vasculopathy is the Suzuki grade determined with cerebral catheter angiography (CA). With greater use of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) it is important to understand if MRA is truly comparable to CA.

Methods: Children with moyamoya were evaluated using the Suzuki score for CA and the modified MRA six-stage Suzuki score to describe the angiographic findings in moyamoya from initial narrowing of the distal internal carotid artery to the "puff of smoke" appearance of the lenticulostriate collaterals and finally to the disappearance of this network of collaterals.

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Background And Purpose: The abnormalities of the long arm of chromosome 18 (18q) constitute a complex spectrum. We aimed to systematically analyze their MR imaging features. We hypothesized that there would be variable but recognizable white matter and structural patterns in this cohort.

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Background: Moyamoya is a progressive, non-atherosclerotic cerebral arteriopathy that may present in childhood and currently has no cure. Early diagnosis is critical to prevent a lifelong risk of neurological morbidity. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) MRI cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) imaging provides a non-invasive, in vivo measure of autoregulatory capacity and cerebrovascular reserve.

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The innate and adaptive immune systems are critical in defense against pathogens and ensuring homeostasis. The central nervous system (CNS) was initially considered to be impermeable to immune cells due to the blood-brain barrier. However, this has now been debunked, with modern research delineating immune cell trafficking within the CNS, ensuring constant immune surveillance.

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  • Scoliosis is a spinal deformity that affects functionality and appearance, and its severity is typically assessed using the Cobb angle, which can be inaccurately measured by humans.
  • The study developed a machine learning model to automatically calculate Cobb angles from standing spine X-rays of children and adolescents with suspected scoliosis, comparing it with manual measurements from radiologists.
  • The model demonstrated promising results with a Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE) of around 11.8%, indicating its potential for clinical application, though further research is needed for validation before it can be widely implemented.
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Retinoblastoma is the most common cause of all intraocular pediatric malignancies. It is caused by the loss of tumor suppressor gene function, although some tumors occur due to oncogene amplification with normal genes. Nearly half of all retinoblastomas occur due to a hereditary germline pathogenic variant, most of which manifest with bilateral tumors.

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Childhood stroke occurs from birth to 18 years of age, ranks among the top ten childhood causes of death, and leaves lifelong neurological impairments. Arterial ischemic stroke in infancy and childhood occurs due to arterial occlusion in the brain, resulting in a focal lesion. Our understanding of mechanisms of injury and repair associated with focal injury in the developing brain remains rudimentary.

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In this article, we describe relevant anatomy, mechanisms of injury, and imaging findings of abusive head trauma (AHT). We also briefly address certain mimics of AHT, controversies, pearls, and pitfalls. Concepts of injury, its evolution, and complex nature of certain cases are highlighted with the help of case vignettes.

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Scoliosis is a deformity of the spine, and as a measure of scoliosis severity, Cobb angle is fundamental to the diagnosis of deformities that require treatment. Conventional Cobb angle measurement and assessment is usually done manually, which is inherently time-consuming, and associated with high inter- and intra-observer variability. While there exist automatic scoliosis measurement methods, they suffer from insufficient accuracy.

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The central nervous system (CNS) undergoes constant immune surveillance enabled via regionally specialized mechanisms. These include selectively permissive barriers and modifications to interlinked innate and adaptive immune systems that detect and remove an inciting trigger. The end-points of brain injury and edema from these triggers are varied but often follow recognizable patterns due to shared underlying immune drivers.

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Congenital spinal hamartomas are rare benign tumors. They are mostly seen in infants and are typically asymptomatic at presentation. Spinal hamartomas have not been associated with any known cancer predisposition syndrome.

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Advances in MR imaging techniques have allowed for detailed in vivo depiction of white matter tracts. The study of white matter structure and connectivity is of paramount importance in leukodystrophies, demyelinating disorders, neoplasms, and various cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and developmental disorders. The advent of advanced "function-preserving" surgical techniques also makes it imperative to understand white matter anatomy and connectivity, to provide accurate road maps for tumor and epilepsy surgery.

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To predict adverse neurodevelopmental outcome of very preterm neonates. A total of 166 preterm neonates born between 24-32 weeks' gestation underwent brain MRI early in life. Radiomics features were extracted from T1- and T2- weighted images.

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Biopsy-based assessment of H3 K27 M status helps in predicting survival, but biopsy is usually limited to unusual presentations and clinical trials. We aimed to evaluate whether radiomics can serve as prognostic marker to stratify diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) subsets. In this retrospective study, diagnostic brain MRIs of children with DIPG were analyzed.

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  • Moyamoya disease is a condition that affects blood flow in the brain, leading to blocked arteries and potential cognitive issues, which have been studied mainly in adults but not much in children.
  • A study involving 30 children with moyamoya found that abnormal blood flow, especially in the frontal and parietal regions, correlates with difficulties in executive function and intellectual ability, particularly in those with syndromic moyamoya.
  • The findings suggest that certain areas of the brain may help compensate for cognitive challenges, highlighting the importance of understanding regional brain function in children with this disease.
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  • * A study involving 45 tumors from 38 patients indicated that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can lead to improved survival rates, especially in tumors with ultra-high mutation rates or specific genetic characteristics.
  • * The research highlights the importance of mutation burden and microsatellite instability (MS-indels) in predicting ICI treatment responses, showing that even tumors typically classified as non-responsive can benefit from this type of immunotherapy.
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Aim: Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a term reserved to describe white matter injury in the premature brain. In this review article, the authors highlight the common and rare pathologies mimicking the chronic stage of PVL and propose practical clinico-radiological criteria that would aid in diagnosis and management.

Methods And Results: The authors first describe the typical brain MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) features of PVL.

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Background: Hemorrhage from brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) is estimated at 3% per annum. Features influencing risk of hemorrhage include perforator/posterior circulation supply, associated aneurysms, and deep drainage. Children are more likely to present with bAVM bleeds.

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  • Antithrombotic therapy is recommended for preventing pediatric cardioembolic strokes, but safety concerns about hemorrhagic transformation and stroke recurrence persist.
  • A study analyzed 82 children with confirmed cardioembolic strokes to identify predictors of safety and recurrence risk, revealing a 24% rate of hemorrhagic transformation, mostly petechial and asymptomatic.
  • Despite the risks, antithrombotic therapy showed a favorable risk-benefit ratio in specific groups, particularly those with univentricular physiology, although these patients faced higher recurrence rates before surgery.
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Synopsis of recent research by authors named "Manohar Shroff"

  • Recent research by Manohar Shroff focuses primarily on pediatric neurovascular diseases, emphasizing innovative imaging techniques and their implications in diagnosis and management.
  • His studies highlight the critical role of cross-sectional imaging in accurately diagnosing complex conditions like autoimmune encephalitis and moyamoya, identifying the limitations of conventional methods like magnetic resonance angiography.
  • Additionally, Shroff's work explores the intersection of imaging and immune response in pediatric CNS conditions, reinforcing the importance of integrated approaches for improving clinical outcomes in children facing neurovascular challenges.