Cesarean delivery and metabolic risk factors in young adults: a Brazilian birth cohort study.

Background: Cesarean delivery (CD) perturbs the assembly of the neonatal gut microbiome and has been associated with child and adult obesity. However, it is still unknown whether CD is associated with metabolic risk factors in young adults.

Objective: We investigated the association of CD and metabolic risk factors in young adults in a cohort study who were 23-25 y of age at follow-up.

Cesarean section and increased body mass index in school children: two cohort studies from distinct socioeconomic background areas in Brazil.

Background: Recent studies have raised controversy regarding the association between cesarean section and later obesity in the offspring. The purpose of this study was to assess the association of cesarean section with increased body mass index (BMI) and obesity in school children from two Brazilian cities with distinct socioeconomic backgrounds.

Methods: Two birth cohorts respectively born in 1994 in Ribeirao Preto, a wealthy city in Southeast, and in 1997/98 in Sao Luis, a less wealthy city in Northeast of Brasil, were evaluated.

Respiratory effects of tobacco smoking among young adults.

Background: Respiratory symptoms associated with smoking habit seem to be age dependent. However, there are few reports about the effect of tobacco in young populations. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of smoking on respiratory symptoms and lung function in 23- to 25-year-old adults in Brazil.