An evaluation of the West of Scotland in-programme Chief Resident role.

Background: Postgraduate leadership education is an evolving field. Locally we have an established 'Chief Residency' programme where centres have two to four senior trainees completing leadership duties alongside clinical workload, supported by local directors of medical education. This is twinned with a 4-day central training programme and peer-support network.

ClimMob: Software to support experimental citizen science in agriculture.

Experimental citizen science offers new ways to organize on-farm testing of crop varieties and other agronomic options. Its implementation at scale requires software that streamlines the process of experimental design, data collection and analysis, so that different organizations can support trials. This article considers ClimMob software developed to facilitate implementing experimental citizen science in agriculture.

The tricot approach: an agile framework for decentralized on-farm testing supported by citizen science. A retrospective.

Matching crop varieties to their target use context and user preferences is a challenge faced by many plant breeding programs serving smallholder agriculture. Numerous participatory approaches proposed by CGIAR and other research teams over the last four decades have attempted to capture farmers' priorities/preferences and crop variety field performance in representative growing environments through experimental trials with higher external validity. Yet none have overcome the challenges of scalability, data validity and reliability, and difficulties in capturing socio-economic and environmental heterogeneity.

Data-driven approaches can harness crop diversity to address heterogeneous needs for breeding products.

This perspective describes the opportunities and challenges of data-driven approaches for crop diversity management (genebanks and breeding) in the context of agricultural research for sustainable development in the Global South. Data-driven approaches build on larger volumes of data and flexible analyses that link different datasets across domains and disciplines. This can lead to more information-rich management of crop diversity, which can address the complex interactions between crop diversity, production environments, and socioeconomic heterogeneity and help to deliver more suitable portfolios of crop diversity to users with highly diverse demands.

Climate-Related Risk Modeling of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt Disease Incidence in the Cropland Area of Rwanda.

Banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW) is a major threat to banana production in Rwanda, causing up to 100% yield loss. There are no biological or chemical control measures, and little is known about the potential direction and magnitude of its spread; hence, cultural control efforts are reactive rather than proactive. In this study, we assessed BXW risk under current and projected climates to guide early warning and control by applying the maximum entropy (Maxent) model on 1,022 georeferenced BXW datapoints and 20 environmental variables.

Characterizing cassava farmer typologies and their seed sourcing practices to explore opportunities for economically sustainable seed business models in Rwanda.

The overdependency on local cassava varieties and informal seed sources by farmers in Rwanda has contributed to the spread of cassava viral diseases. The use of improved planting materials made available through formal seed sources, that assure seed quality, is one way to prevent future disease outbreaks. In order to increase the availability of, and farmers access to, such materials there is increasing interest to develop seed business models.

Life cycle assessment of animal-based foods and plant-based protein-rich alternatives: a socio-economic perspective.

Background: Extensive research shows that replacing animal protein with plant-based protein in the diet would strongly alleviate the environmental impact of the food system. However, much less attention has been given to the socio-economic considerations of dietary transitions. This study analyses the socio-economic performance of innovative legume-based food prototypes, developed in the Protein2Food research project, and conventional animal-based products (chicken meat and dairy milk).

Life cycle assessment of animal-based foods and plant-based protein-rich alternatives: an environmental perspective.

Background: In the European Union proteins for food are largely animal based, consisting of meat and dairy products. Almost all soy but also a larger part of pulses and cereals consumed in the European Union are used for animal nutrition. While livestock is an important source of proteins, it also creates substantial environmental impacts.

Cognitive impairment reversed by cinacalcet administration in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is a common endocrine disorder. Often serum calcium is minimally elevated with few symptoms. In elderly patients with multiple co-morbidities, the decision to "watch and wait" is often most clinically appropriate as operative intervention is associated with high peri-operative risk.

Evaluating Animal-Based Foods and Plant-Based Alternatives Using Multi-Criteria and SWOT Analyses.

Global diets have transitioned in recent decades with animal and processed products increasing. Promoting a reversal in these trends towards plant-based diets could reduce the environmental impacts of food systems and reduce the prevalence of non-communicable diseases and malnutrition. In Spain, a reference point for the Mediterranean diet (predominantly plant-source based), plant-based alternatives to traditional animal-based products are receiving increased attention.

Implementation of pediatric cervical spine clearance guidelines at a combined trauma center: Twelve-month impact.

Background: Pediatric cervical spine clearance guidelines should reduce computed tomography (CT) usage in combined pediatric and adult trauma centers biased by adult CT clearance.

Methods: Cervical spine clearance under age 15 years was compared 12 months before (128 patients) and after (105 patients) guideline implementation, emphasizing National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) criteria when appropriate.

Results: CT scans in patients clearable by NEXUS criteria decreased 23% (p = 0.

Does upper lid blepharoplasty improve contrast sensitivity?

Purpose: To assess the effect of upper eyelid blepharoplasty surgery on contrast sensitivity.

Methods: A prospective study was performed. Pre- and postoperative contrast sensitivity measurements were taken on patients undergoing routine upper eyelid blepharoplasty surgery.

Idiopathic isolated orbicularis weakness.

Purpose: Orbicularis weakness is commonly associated with seventh nerve palsy or neuromuscular and myopathic conditions such as myotonic dystrophy and myasethenia gravis. We report four cases of idiopathic isolated orbicularis weakness.

Methods: All four cases were female and the presenting symptoms of ocular irritation and epiphora had been present for over 7 years in three patients.

A study of a family with the skeletal muscle RYR1 mutation (c.7354C>T) associated with central core myopathy and malignant hyperthermia susceptibility.

Congenital myopathies are early onset hereditary muscle disorders. A sub-group of these is associated with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Mutations in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene have been associated with various congenital myopathy phenotypes and may also cause malignant hyperthermia susceptibility.

South Yorkshire Cohort: a 'cohort trials facility' study of health and weight - protocol for the recruitment phase.

Background: Growing levels of both obesity and chronic disease in the general population pose a major public health problem. In the UK, an innovative 'health and weight' cohort trials facility, the 'South Yorkshire Cohort', is being built in order to provide robust evidence to inform policy, commissioning and clinical decisions in this field. This protocol reports the design of the facility and outlines the recruitment phase methods.

Community pharmacists providing emergency contraception give little advice about future contraceptive use: a mystery shopper study.

Background: UK women increasingly prefer to attend a pharmacy for emergency contraception (EC) rather than a doctor. Most women who use EC do not conceive and remain at risk of pregnancy unless they start regular contraception. We undertook a study to evaluate the quality of service provision in community pharmacies in Lothian, Scotland, and to determine what advice is given about contraception after EC use.

Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma occurring in an eyelid scar.

We present a case report of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma (NXG) in a 76-year-old Caucasian lady occurring as a nodule in a blepharoplasty scar. NXG is a rare histiocytic disease with progressive orbital and systemic features. Management options of excision biopsy or chemotherapy are discussed.

Autosomal dominant early onset aponeurotic ptosis and corneal limbal vascularization in a three-generation family.

A novel phenotype in a 3-generation family with early-onset aponeurotic ptosis and corneal limbal vascularization is described. Karyotype analysis was normal in the proband, and autosomal dominant transmission is demonstrated.

Expulsion of a lacrimal dacryolith by sneezing: a rare event.

Purpose: To describe the case of a man presenting with intermittent epiphora of the right eye and a low grade dacryocystitis due to a dacryolith.

Methods/results: He was treated conservatively and was offered a Dacryocystorhinostomy. A few weeks before surgery, he developed swelling and pain over the right medial canthus followed by violent sneezing with spontaneous extrusion of the dacryolith.

Expulsion of a lacrimal dacryolith by sneezing: A rare event.

Purpose: To describe the case of a man presenting with intermittent epiphora of the right eye and a low grade dacryocystitis due to a dacryolith.

Methods/results: He was treated conservatively and was offered a Dacryocystorhinostomy. A few weeks before surgery, he developed swelling and pain over the right medial canthus followed by violent sneezing with spontaneous extrusion of the dacryolith.

Bilobed flap in ophthalmic plastic surgery: simple principles for flap construction.

This report describes simple principles for constructing the bilobed flap in the periocular region. The results in a prospective series of 23 consecutive patients are presented. All patients achieved satisfactory functional and aesthetic results with the use of this technique.