Why human cytochrome P450c21 is a progesterone 21-hydroxylase.

Human cytochrome P450c21 (steroid 21-hydroxylase, CYP21A2) catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of progesterone (P4) and its preferred substrate 17α-hydroxyprogestrone (17OHP4). CYP21A2 activities, which are required for cortisol and aldosterone biosynthesis, involve the formation of energetically disfavored primary carbon radicals. Therefore, we hypothesized that the binding of P4 and 17OHP4 to CYP21A2 restricts access of the reactive heme-oxygen complex to the C-21 hydrogen atoms, suppressing oxygenation at kinetically more favorable sites such as C-17 and C-16, which are both hydroxylated by cytochrome P450c17 (CYP17A1).

5alpha-reduced C21 steroids are substrates for human cytochrome P450c17.

The 5alpha-reduction of testosterone in target tissues is a key step in androgen physiology; however, 5alpha-reduced C(19) steroids are sometimes synthesized in testis via a pathway that does not involve testosterone as an intermediate. We studied the metabolism of 5alpha-reduced C(21) steroids by human cytochrome P450c17 (hCYP17), the enzyme responsible for conversion of C(21) steroids to C(19) steroids via its 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities. hCYP17 17alpha-hydroxylates 5alpha-pregnan-3,20-dione, but little androstanedione is formed by 17,20-lyase activity.

Towards a unifying mechanism for CYP17 mutations that cause isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency.

Cytochrome P450c17 (CYP17) is a single hemoprotein that catalyzes both the 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase reactions in all species thus far examined. Severe defects in CYP17 cause classical 17-hydroxylase deficiency, but other defects result in partial or selective deficiency states. One such variant is the syndrome of isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency.

The enantiomer of progesterone (ent-progesterone) is a competitive inhibitor of human cytochromes P450c17 and P450c21.

Human cytochrome P450c17 (17alpha-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase) (CYP17) and cytochrome P450c21 (21-hydroxylase) (CYP21) differ by only 14 amino acids in length and share 29% amino acid identity. Both enzymes hydroxylate progesterone at carbon atoms that lie only 2.6A apart, but CYP17 also metabolizes other steroids and demonstrates additional catalytic activities.