Tamoxifen modulates nutrition deprivation-induced ER stress through AMPK-mediated ER-phagy in breast cancer cells.

Purpose: Rapid proliferation and nutrition starvation in the tumor microenvironment pose significant challenges to cellular protein homeostasis. The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen induces stress on cells and causes irreversible damage to cells if unresolved. Emerging reports emphasize the influence of the tumor microenvironment on therapeutic molecule efficacy and treatment outcomes.