Temporal dynamics of affective scene processing in the healthy adult human brain.

Understanding how the brain distinguishes emotional from neutral scenes is crucial for advancing brain-computer interfaces, enabling real-time emotion detection for faster, more effective responses, and improving treatments for emotional disorders like depression and anxiety. However, inconsistent research findings have arisen from differences in study settings, such as variations in the time windows, brain regions, and emotion categories examined across studies. This review sought to compile the existing literature on the timing at which the adult brain differentiates basic affective from neutral scenes in less than one second, as previous studies have consistently shown that the brain can begin recognizing emotions within just a few milliseconds.

Psychological state at the time of psychiatric genetic counseling impacts patient empowerment: A pre-post analysis.

Psychiatric genetic counseling (GC) has been associated with patient-reported increases in empowerment (perceived control, emotional regulation, and hope). We sought to evaluate the extent to which patients' psychological state at the time of GC is related to changes in empowerment. Participants with a history of major depressive disorder and/or bipolar disorder that had been refractory to treatment underwent psychiatric GC remotely from 2022 to 2023.

Exploring the impact of music on response to ketamine/esketamine: A scoping review.

Music and ketamine are both known to affect therapeutic outcomes, but few studies have investigated their co-administration. This scoping review describes the existing literature on the joint use of music and ketamine-or esketamine (the S(+) enantiomer of ketamine)-in humans. The review considers that extant studies have explored the intersection of ketamine/esketamine and music in healthy volunteers and in patients of various age groups, at different dosages, through different treatment processes, and have varied the sequence of playing music relative to ketamine/esketamine administration.

Long-term follow-up of participants in ketamine clinical trials for mood disorders.

Background: Participants who received ketamine at the NIMH were among the first to receive ketamine for depression in controlled clinical trials, providing a unique opportunity to assess long-term outcomes. This analysis evaluated the relationship between participating in a ketamine clinical trial and subsequent ketamine/esketamine use after leaving the research setting.

Methods: Participants seen within the NIMH Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch from 2002 to 2022 (n = 1000) were contacted for follow-up assessment.

An Open-Label Study of Adjunctive Dextromethorphan/Quinidine in Treatment-Resistant Depression.

Background: Approximately one third of individuals with major depressive disorder have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Glutamatergic modulators such as the N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine have rapid and robust antidepressant effects, but their use has been limited by accessibility and route of administration. This open-label pilot study assessed the adjunctive antidepressant efficacy of dextromethorphan/quinidine (DM/Q) in TRD.

Exome-wide association study of treatment-resistant depression suggests novel treatment targets.

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a severe form of major depressive disorder (MDD) with substantial public health impact and poor treatment outcome. Treatment outcome in MDD is significantly heritable, but genome-wide association studies have failed to identify replicable common marker alleles, suggesting a potential role for uncommon variants. Here we investigated the hypothesis that uncommon, putatively functional genetic variants are associated with TRD.

Ketamine treatment for depression: a review.

This manuscript reviews the clinical evidence regarding single-dose intravenous (IV) administration of the novel glutamatergic modulator racemic ()-ketamine (hereafter referred to as ketamine) as well as its -enantiomer, intranasal esketamine, for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Initial studies found that a single subanesthetic-dose IV ketamine infusion rapidly (within one day) improved depressive symptoms in individuals with MDD and bipolar depression, with antidepressant effects lasting three to seven days. In 2019, esketamine received FDA approval as an adjunctive treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in adults.

Comparative metabolomic analysis in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of humans and in plasma and brain of mice following antidepressant-dose ketamine administration.

Subanesthetic-dose racemic (R,S)-ketamine (ketamine) produces rapid, robust, and sustained antidepressant effects in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) and has also been shown to effectively treat neuropathic pain, complex regional pain syndrome, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, to date, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Preclinical studies found that (2 R,6 R;2 S,6 S)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK), a major circulating metabolite of ketamine, elicits antidepressant effects similar to those of ketamine.

Key considerations in the pharmacological management of treatment-resistant depression.

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a complex, multifactorial, and biologically heterogeneous disorder with debilitating outcomes. Understanding individual reasons why patients do not respond to treatment is necessary for improving clinical recommendations regarding medication regimens, augmentation strategies, and alternative treatments. This manuscript reviews evidence-based treatment strategies for the clinical management of TRD.

Sex Chromosome Dosage Effects on White Matter Structure in the Human Brain.

Sex chromosome aneuploidies, a group of neurogenetic conditions characterized by aberrant sex chromosome dosage (SCD), are associated with increased risks for psychopathology as well as alterations in gray matter structure. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of potential SCD-associated changes in white matter structure, or knowledge of how these changes might relate to known alterations in gray matter anatomy. Thus, here, we use voxel-based morphometry on structural neuroimaging data to provide the first comprehensive maps of regional white matter volume (WMV) changes across individuals with varying SCD (n = 306).