Insights into trypanosomiasis transmission: Age, infection rates, and bloodmeal analysis of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in N.W. Uganda.

Background: Tsetse flies (Glossina) transmit species of Trypanosoma which cause human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT). Understanding the epidemiology of this disease and controlling the vector rationally requires analysis of the abundance, age structure, infection rates and feeding patterns of tsetse populations.

Methods: We analysed a population of G.

Impact of a national tsetse control programme to eliminate Gambian sleeping sickness in Uganda: a spatiotemporal modelling study.

Introduction: Tsetse flies () transmit , which causes gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT). As part of national efforts to eliminate gHAT as a public health problem, Uganda implemented a large-scale programme of deploying Tiny Targets, which comprise panels of insecticide-treated material which attract and kill tsetse. At its peak, the programme was the largest tsetse control operation in Africa.

Scaling up of tsetse control to eliminate Gambian sleeping sickness in northern Uganda.

Background: Tsetse flies (Glossina) transmit Trypanosoma brucei gambiense which causes Gambian human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) in Central and West Africa. Several countries use Tiny Targets, comprising insecticide-treated panels of material which attract and kill tsetse, as part of their national programmes to eliminate gHAT. We studied how the scale and arrangement of target deployment affected the efficacy of control.

Urethrocutaneous fistula following VMMC: a case series from March 2013 to October 2019 in ZAZIC's voluntary medical male circumcision program in Zimbabwe.

Background: Urethrocutaneous fistula (subsequently, fistula) is a rare adverse event (AE) in voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) programs. Global fistula rates of 0.19 and 0.

Fournier's gangrene: outcome analysis and prognostic factors.

Background: Fournier's gangrene is an infective necrotising fasciitis of the external genitalia and perineum associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The factors associated with non survival have been described but are not universally accepted. The identification of prognostic factors remains critical to improve outcomes.

Safety and efficacy of the PrePex device in HIV-positive men: A single-arm study in Zimbabwe.

Methods: We aimed to determine if the adverse event (AE) rate was non-inferior to an AE rate of 2%, a rate considered the global standard of MC safety. Study procedures, AE definitions, and study staff were unchanged from previous PrePex Zimbabwe trials. After PrePex placement and removal, weekly visits assessed wound healing.

Safety and Acceptability of the PrePex Device When Used in Routine Male Circumcision Service Delivery During Active Surveillance in Zimbabwe.

Background: Male circumcision devices have the potential to accelerate voluntary medical male circumcision roll-out, with PrePex being one promising device. Here, we present findings on safety and acceptability from active surveillance of the implementation of PrePex among 1000 males circumcised in Zimbabwe.

Methods: The first 1000 men consecutively circumcised using PrePex during routine service delivery were actively followed up.

Safety Profile of PrePex Male Circumcision Device and Client Satisfaction With Adolescent Males Aged 13-17 Years in Zimbabwe.

Background: The safety and efficacy of the PrePex device for voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) has been demonstrated in studies in Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, leading to the conditional prequalification of the device for use in adults. Because the majority of VMMC clients in the 14 priority countries are adolescents under 18 years, research to establish the safety and efficacy of the device for males <18 years is required.

Methods: One-arm, prospective study included 402 adolescents, aged 13-17 years, using PrePex device between August 2013 and January 2014 at a VMMC centre in Harare.

A Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Safety, Procedure Time, and Cost of the PrePex™ Device to Forceps Guided Surgical Circumcision in Zimbabwe.

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS promote MC (male circumcision) as a key HIV prevention strategy where HIV prevalence and incidence are high and MC prevalence is low. In Zimbabwe, to achieve the 1.26 million circumcisions needed to be performed by 2015 to achieve optimal MC coverage, a new approach was needed.

Tsetse Control and Gambian Sleeping Sickness; Implications for Control Strategy.

Background: Gambian sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis, HAT) outbreaks are brought under control by case detection and treatment although it is recognised that this typically only reaches about 75% of the population. Vector control is capable of completely interrupting HAT transmission but is not used because it is considered too expensive and difficult to organise in resource-poor settings. We conducted a full scale field trial of a refined vector control technology to determine its utility in control of Gambian HAT.

Where, when and why do tsetse contact humans? Answers from studies in a national park of Zimbabwe.

Background: Sleeping sickness, also called human African trypanosomiasis, is transmitted by the tsetse, a blood-sucking fly confined to sub-Saharan Africa. The form of the disease in West and Central Africa is carried mainly by species of tsetse that inhabit riverine woodland and feed avidly on humans. In contrast, the vectors for the East and Southern African form of the disease are usually savannah species that feed mostly on wild and domestic animals and bite humans infrequently, mainly because the odours produced by humans can be repellent.

Shoo fly, don't bother me! Efficacy of traditional methods of protecting cattle from tsetse.

Studies were made of the efficacy of using smoke and housing to protect cattle from tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zimbabwe. The efficacy of smoke was assessed by its effect on catches in Epsilon traps baited with a blend of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 4-methylphenol and 3-n-propylphenol. The efficacies of different types of kraal (enclosure) were gauged according to the catches of electrocuting targets (E-targets), baited with natural ox odour, placed within various designs of kraal.

The effects of host physiology on the attraction of tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) and Stomoxys (Diptera: Muscidae) to cattle.

In Zimbabwe, studies were made of the numbers of tsetse (Glossina spp.) and stable flies (Stomoxys spp.) attracted to cattle of different nutritional status, age and sex.

Application of DNA markers to identify the individual-specific hosts of tsetse feeding on cattle.

Primer sets for five different ungulate loci were used to obtain individual microsatellite DNA profiles for 29 Mashona cattle from a herd in Zimbabwe. There were 3-13 alleles for each locus and, using the entire suite of five loci, each animal within the herd, including closely related individuals, could be unequivocally distinguished. Wild-caught Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) were fed on specific cattle and the bloodmeal was profiled 0.

Interactions between cattle and biting flies: effects on the feeding rate of tsetse.

In Zimbabwe, studies were made of the effect of host behaviour on the feeding success of Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) attracted to cattle of different age and sex. The mean feeding rates for male and female G.

The efficacy of various pyrethroid insecticides for use on odour-baited targets to control tsetse.

The efficacy of various pyrethroid insecticides for use on odour-baited targets to control tsetse was compared in Zimbabwe. Formulations were applied to cotton cloth and polyester net and, at various intervals, the materials were bioassayed by exposing fed female Glossina pallidipes (Austen) (Diptera: Glossinidae) to cloth for 45 s or by inducing them to collide briefly with net. Trial formulations were compared with deltamethrin suspension concentrate (s.