Early Single-Examination Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarkers for Treatment-Requiring Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Purpose: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging adjunct imaging modality to evaluate retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). From an 11-year research database, we identify early OCT biomarkers that predict treatment-requiring ROP (TR-ROP).

Methods: For preterm infants with acceptable OCT images at 32 ± 1 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), we extracted the following measures: total retina, inner retinal layer (IRL), and outer retinal layer (ORL) thicknesses at the fovea and the parafovea, inner nuclear layer (INL) and choroidal thickness, parafovea/fovea (P/F) ratio, and presence of macular edema.

A pilot optical coherence tomography angiography classification of retinal neovascularization in retinopathy of prematurity.

Extraretinal neovascularization is a hallmark of treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) offers vascular flow and depth information not available from indirect ophthalmoscopy and structural OCT, but OCTA is only commercially available as a tabletop device. In this study, we used an investigational handheld OCTA device to study the vascular flow in and around retinal neovascularization in seven preterm infants with treatment-requiring ROP and contrasted them to images of vascular flow in six infants of similar age without neovascular ROP.

Longitudinal Choroidal Development in Preterm Infants.

Purpose: To characterize changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness in preterm infants from 30 to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA).

Design: The prospective, observational Study of Eye Imaging in Preterm infantS (BabySTEPS) enrolled infants eligible for retinopathy of prematurity screening per the American Association of Pediatrics guidelines.

Subjects: Infants imaged with an investigational, handheld OCT at ≥ 4 distinct imaging sessions between 30 to 60 weeks' PMA as part of BabySTEPS.

Preterm infant retinal OCT markers of perinatal health and retinopathy of prematurity.

The increasing survival of preterm infants has led to the importance of improving long-term outcomes associated with preterm birth. Antenatal and perinatal insults not only impact mortality, but also long-term disability. While in the intensive care nursery, preterm infants are also exposed to various stressors that lead to long-term cognitive deficits.

Reducing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening: Successful Strategies Learnt from a Multi-Center Tele-Medicine Program in India.

Purpose: Control of blindness due to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) requires timely screening and treatment within 48-72 h. Anticipating that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic would disrupt ROP services, we devised strategies ''on-the''-go"" to ameliorate this possiblity. We describe the successful outcomes of this approach in preventing infant blindness during the pandemic.

Biphasic change in retinal nerve fibre layer thickness from 30 to 60 weeks postmenstrual age in preterm infants.

Background/aims: The optic nerve development during the critical postnatal weeks of preterm infants is unclear. We aimed to investigate the change of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) in preterm infants.

Methods: We used an investigational handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) system to serially image awake preterm infants between 30 and 60 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) at the bedside.

Association Between Retinal Microanatomy in Preterm Infants and 9-Month Visual Acuity.

Importance: Preterm infants are at risk for poor visual acuity (VA) outcomes, even without retinal problems on ophthalmoscopy. Infant retinal microanatomy may provide insight as to potential causes.

Objective: To evaluate the association between preterm infant retinal microanatomy and VA at 9 months' corrected age.

Integrated Visualization Highlighting Retinal Changes in Retinopathy of Prematurity From 3-Dimensional Optical Coherence Tomography Data.

Importance: Early diagnosis of plus disease is critical in the management of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). However, there is substantial interexpert disagreement in the diagnosis of plus disease based on vascular changes alone. Information derived from optical coherence tomography (OCT) may help characterize the severity of vascular and structural abnormalities in ROP.

Associations between systemic health and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in preterm infants at 36 weeks postmenstrual age.

Background/aims: Neonatal insults from systemic diseases have been implicated in the pathway of impaired neurodevelopment in preterm infants. We aimed to investigate the associations between systemic health factors and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness in preterm infants.

Methods: We prospectively enrolled infants and imaged both eyes at 36±1 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) using a hand-held optical coherence tomography system at the bedside in the Duke intensive care nurseries.

Systemic Factors Associated with a Thinner Choroid in Preterm Infants.

Purpose: To identify systemic health factors associated with a thinner choroid, which has been hypothesized as a cause of poor visual outcomes in low-birth weight infants.

Design: The prospective, observational Study of Eye Imaging in Preterm Infants (BabySTEPS) enrolled infants recommended for retinopathy of prematurity screening based on the American Association of Pediatrics guidelines.

Participants: Infants who underwent imaging with investigational handheld OCT at 36 ± 1 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA) as part of BabySTEPS.

Evaluating Contrast Sensitivity in Asian Indian Pre-Term Infants With and Without Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contrast threshold in Asian Indian preterm infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using Newborn Contrast Cards measured during the first ROP screening and to correlate with final outcome and visual acuity at 3 months of corrected age.

Methods: Preterm infants born ≤ 2000 grams birth weight (BW) and/or ≤ 34 weeks gestational age (GA) undergoing ROP screening were enrolled prospectively. Visual acuity was recorded using Teller Acuity Cards.

Preterm Infant Stress During Handheld Optical Coherence Tomography vs Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy Examination for Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Importance: Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO) examination for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a well-known cause of repeated preterm infant stress.

Objective: To compare stress during investigational optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to that during BIO for ROP.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cross-sectional study examined infants at the bedside in the intensive care nursery.

Foveal Differentiation and Inner Retinal Displacement Are Arrested in Extremely Premature Infants.

Purpose: Children with a history of prematurity often have poorly developed foveae but when during development foveal differences arise. We hypothesize that the course of foveal development is altered from the time of preterm birth.

Methods: Eyes of 102 preterm infants undergoing retinopathy of prematurity screening examinations in the STudy of Eye imaging in Premature infantS (BabySTEPS) (NCT02887157) were serially imaged between 30 and 42 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) using handheld optical coherence tomography systems.

Optical coherence tomography angiography in preterm-born children with retinopathy of prematurity.

Purpose: To describe the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and vessel density (VD) in the superficial and deep capillary plexus in children with a history of prematurity on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and their correlation with gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW).

Methods: We enrolled 81 preterm- and eight term-born children in this prospective observational study. The Optovue RTVue AVANTI (Optovue Inc.

Repeatability and Reproducibility of Axial and Lateral Measurements on Handheld Optical Coherence Tomography Systems Compared with Tabletop System.

Purpose: To compare the repeatability and reproducibility of axial and lateral retinal measurements using handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems and a tabletop OCT system.

Methods: Graders measured central foveal thickness (CFT), optic nerve-to-fovea distance (OFD), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness on OCT scans of the right eye of 10 healthy adults. Three OCT systems were used: handheld Leica Envisu, investigational handheld swept-source OCT (UC3), and Heidelberg Spectralis tabletop system.

Morphological characteristics of early- versus late-onset macular edema in preterm infants.

Macular images of infants with early-onset edema (occurring at or before 33 weeks' postmenstrual age [PMA]) and infants with late-onset edema (at or after 36 weeks' PMA) were compared. At first appearance, early-onset edema has a more severe morphology, with foveal bulging and elongated cystoid spaces than late-onset edema, which presents as small cystoid spaces outside the foveal center. Morphological variations may be an indicator of the underlying cause of edema in preterm infants.

Macular OCT Characteristics at 36 Weeks' Postmenstrual Age in Infants Examined for Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Purpose: To report our ability to capture,-grade reliably, and analyze bedside macular OCT images from preterm infants and relate OCT findings to biological factors and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) status at a single time window in the Study of Eye Imaging in Preterm Infants (BabySTEPS).

Design: Prospective, observational study.

Participants: Preterm infants eligible for ROP screening with parental consent for research and a 36 ± 1 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA) visit.

Subclinical Retinal versus Brain Findings in Infants with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy.

Purpose: To detect retinal features and abnormalities on optical coherence tomography (OCT) without pupil dilation and relate these to brain injury in infants with a clinical diagnosis of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).

Methods: Under an institutional review board-approved protocol, we imaged eight infants without pharmacologic mydriasis, using handheld, non-contact spectral-domain (Leica Microsystems, IL) or investigational swept-source OCT at the bedside in an intensive care nursery, after birth (depending on primary clinical care team permission based on health status) and weekly until discharge. The newborn infant with HIE is neurologically unstable; therefore, pharmacologic mydriasis and stimulation with visible light for retinal examination are usually avoided.

HANDHELD SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FINDINGS OF X-LINKED RETINOSCHISIS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD.

Background/purpose: Using handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) imaging to investigate in vivo microanatomic retinal changes and their progression over time in young children with juvenile X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS).

Methods: This retrospective analysis was of handheld SD OCT images obtained under a prospective research protocol in children who had established XLRS diagnosis based on genetic testing or clinical history. Three OCT graders performed standardized qualitative and quantitative assessment of retinal volume scans, which were divided into foveal, parafoveal, and extrafoveal regions.

Retinal immaturity at first screening and retinopathy of prematurity: Image-based validation of 1202 eyes of premature infants to predict disease progression.

Purpose: To use the extent of retinal immaturity at the first visit to predict progression to any stage and treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Methods: Retrospective, multicenter, nonrandomized, observational, clinical, validation study. In all, 601 Asian Indian preterm infants born < 2000 g and/or < 34 weeks of gestation completing ROP screening with RetCam images taken during each visit were included.

A Prospective OCT Study of Rubella Retinopathy.

Purpose: To analyze rubella retinopathy qualitatively and quantitatively in children diagnosed with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) using a handheld spectral-domain (SD) OCT device.

Design: Prospective, cross-sectional, nonrandomized, comparative observational study in a tertiary eye care center in south India.

Participants: Cases comprised 24 eyes of 13 children diagnosed with CRS based on seropositivity with rubella retinopathy.

Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Detecting Sub-Clinical Retinal Findings in Asian Indian Children with Down Syndrome.

: Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome (DS), is the most common trisomy worldwide. Although ocular associations have been reported, retinal anatomy and pathology remain uninvestigated. We evaluate the role of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in analyzing foveal morphology of children with DS.

Three-dimensional pattern of extraretinal neovascular development in retinopathy of prematurity.

Background: The application of three-dimensional (3D) visualization techniques to evaluate the earliest visible onset of abnormal retinal vascular development in preterm infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), using bedside non-contact optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to characterize morphology and sequential structural changes of abnormal extraretinal neovascularization.

Methods: Thirty-one preterm infants undergoing routine ROP screening with written informed consent for research imaging were enrolled in this prospective observational study. We imaged the macula and temporal periphery of preterm infants using a handheld OCT system (Envisu 2300 or handheld swept-source research system).