Association of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in preeclampsia.

Introduction: The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines play crucial role in the development and functions of placenta. Any changes in these cytokines may be associated with many pregnancy-related disorders like preeclampsia. Therefore, the present study is aimed to study the expression of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines in placenta and serum of preeclamptic pregnant women.

Enigma of scapular foramen and tunnels: an untold story.

Purpose: The study was undertaken to make a qualitative and quantitative assessment of unnamed foramen and tunnels in adult human scapulae with aid of plain and contrast radiographs.

Materials And Methods: A total of 120 dry bones, 60 each of the right and the left side were included in the study. Distribution of these foramina and tunnels was noted for their number, side, location, course and communication.

Bilateral sternalis with unusual left-sided presentation: a clinical perspective.

An unusual variation creates interest among anatomists, but is a cause of concern among clinicians when it mimics a pathology. The sternalis muscle is one such variant of the anterior chest wall located subcutaneously over the pectoralis major, ranging from a few short fibers to a well-formed muscle. We observed a bilateral case, which was accompanied by an atypical presentation on the left side where a huge, bulky sternalis muscle was associated with the absence of the sternal fibers of the pectoralis major.