[Refusal and hesitation regarding vaccination against COVID-19 in Douala, Cameroon].

Introduction: vaccination is one of the strategies the World Health Organization recommends to reduce the burden of COVID-19. However, many African countries like Cameroon have low COVID-19 vaccination coverage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reasons for the refusal of the population of the city of Douala to be vaccinated against COVID-19.

Epidemiology of burnout syndrome in four occupational sectors in Cameroon-impact of the practice of physical activities and sport.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Burnout syndrome (BOS), risk factors and the effect of physical activity in six professions in Cameroon.

Methods: 2012 participants completed questionnaires related to socio-demographic conditions and work perception. Appropriate Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) psychometers were used for specific professions.

Advanced atmospheric C monitoring around the Paks Nuclear Power Plant, Hungary.

Atmospheric air samples were collected at 9 monitoring stations (A1 to A9) less than 2 km from the Paks Nuclear Power Plant (Paks NPP) and a background station (B24). The monthly integrated CO and total carbon (CO+hydrocarbons (CH)) samples were collected to determine the excess C activity at the vicinity of the NPP. The measurements providing the C/C ratio of the monthly integrated samples were carried out on a MICADAS type AMS at HEKAL.

Evaluation of Hungarian monitoring results and source localization of the Ru release in the fall of 2017.

Anthropogenic Ru has been detected in the environment from late September to early October 2017 by several European environmental radiological monitoring networks. The paper presents the comprehensive evaluation of Hungarian monitoring results related to the occurrence of Ru in various environmental compartments (airborne particulates, deposition, plants, and terrestrial indicators), which was implemented to determine the temporal and spatial variation of the contaminant on a national scale and also to verify the findings based on the data arising from environmental monitoring at a local scale in Budapest. Difficulties in direct comparison of the diverse reported data were also considered; results arising from varied sampling periods were corrected with account taken of the relation between the sampling duration and 4-day-long plume residence (estimation based on the daily monitoring of air and backward trajectory analysis).

Performance based financing and job satisfaction in a semiurban health district in Cameroon.

The performance based financing approach is being tested in four regions of Cameroon, including the Littoral region. Our study aimed to study the effects associated with the implementation of the performance based financing approach within the health facilities based in the health district of Edea in the Littoral region in Cameroon. We've carried out a crosssectional analytical study among 178 health personnel from 21 health facilities under PBF-contract within the health district of Edea.

What should the African health workforce know about disasters? Proposed competencies for strengthening public health disaster risk management education in Africa.

Background: As part of efforts to implement the human resources capacity building component of the African Regional Strategy on Disaster Risk Management (DRM) for the health sector, the African Regional Office of the World Health Organization, in collaboration with selected African public health training institutions, followed a multistage process to develop core competencies and curricula for training the African health workforce in public health DRM. In this article, we describe the methods used to develop the competencies, present the identified competencies and training curricula, and propose recommendations for their integration into the public health education curricula of African member states.

Methods: We conducted a pilot research using mixed methods approaches to develop and test the applicability and feasibility of a public health disaster risk management curriculum for training the African health workforce.

Strengthening health disaster risk management in Africa: multi-sectoral and people-centred approaches are required in the post-Hyogo Framework of Action era.

Background: In November 2012, the 62nd session of the Regional Committee for Africa adopted a comprehensive 10-year regional strategy for health disaster risk management (DRM). This was intended to operationalize the World Health Organization's core commitments to health DRM and the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 in the health sectors of the 47 African member states. This study reported the formative evaluation of the strategy, including evaluation of the progress in achieving nine targets (expected to be achieved incrementally by 2014, 2017, and 2022).

Anopheles coluzzii larval habitat and insecticide resistance in the island area of Manoka, Cameroon.

Background: The effectiveness of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets and Indoor Residual Spraying in malaria vector control is threatened by vector resistance to insecticides. Knowledge of mosquito habitats and patterns of insecticide resistance would facilitate the development of appropriate vector control strategies. Therefore, we investigated An.

Climate change and vector-borne diseases: what are the implications for public health research and policy?

Vector-borne diseases continue to contribute significantly to the global burden of disease, and cause epidemics that disrupt health security and cause wider socioeconomic impacts around the world. All are sensitive in different ways to weather and climate conditions, so that the ongoing trends of increasing temperature and more variable weather threaten to undermine recent global progress against these diseases. Here, we review the current state of the global public health effort to address this challenge, and outline related initiatives by the World Health Organization (WHO) and its partners.

From Manaus to Maputo: toward a public health and biodiversity framework.

The linkages between human health, biodiversity, ecosystems, and the life-supporting services that they provide are varied and complex. The traditional neglect of this nexus by policy-makers perpetuates threats posed to ecosystems with potentially critical impacts on global health. The Convention on Biological Diversity and the World Health Organization recently co-convened two regional workshops on these intricate but vital linkages.

Fission products from the damaged Fukushima reactor observed in Hungary.

Fission products, especially (131)I, (134)Cs and (137)Cs, from the damaged Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant (NPP) were detected in many places worldwide shortly after the accident caused by natural disaster. To observe the spatial and temporal variation of these isotopes in Hungary, aerosol samples were collected at five locations from late March to early May 2011: Institute of Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI, Debrecen, East Hungary), Paks NPP (Paks, South-Central Hungary) as well as at the vicinity of Aggtelek (Northeast Hungary), Tapolca (West Hungary) and Bátaapáti (Southwest Hungary) settlements. In addition to the aerosol samples, dry/wet fallout samples were collected at ATOMKI, and airborne elemental iodine and organic iodide samples were collected at Paks NPP.

Experimental investigation and modelling of tritium washout by precipitation in the area of the nuclear power plant of Paks, Hungary.

Tritium occurs in nature in trace amounts, but its concentration is changing due to natural and artificial sources. Studies focusing on natural tritium have to take into account the effect of artificial sources. Also, the impact of tritium is an important issue in environmental protection, e.

[Distribution and ecology of the Savannah human African trypanosomiasis vectors in disturbed forest zone in south Cameroon: about case in the Doumé forest].

Vector control through trapping in the foci of humid forest areas is rather difficult because of the wide spreading of tsetse flies and transmission sites of human African trypanosomiasis. In fact, traps should be a priori set up everywhere to stop the transmission. The identification of the disease transmission sites enables efficient trapping through localisation of dangerous tsetse flies habitats needing vector control measures.

Integrated vector management: the Zambian experience.

Background: The Zambian Malaria Control Programme with the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) partners have developed the current National Malaria Strategic Plan (NMSP 2006-2011) which focuses on prevention based on the Integrated Vector Management (IVM) strategy. The introduction and implementation of an IVM strategy was planned in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) steps towards IVM implementation namely Introduction Phase, Consolidation Phase and Expansion Phase.

Achievements: IVM has created commitment for Legal and Regulatory policy review, monitoring, Research and a strong stewardship by the chemical suppliers.

Distribution of the members of Anopheles gambiae and pyrethroid knock-down resistance gene (kdr) in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa.

An entomological survey conducted in 2002 in Guinea Bissau aimed i) to study the distribution of the members of Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Diptera: Culicidae) throughout four ecological areas extended from mangrove to savannah ii) to evaluate the insecticide susceptibility status of these malaria vectors exposed to permethrin 0.75% and DDT4%, and finally iii) to investigate the occurrence and the spread of the Leu-Phe knock down resistance (kdr) gene associated with pyrethroid and DDT resistance within these vector populations. Adult female mosquitoes issued from indoor morning collections were tested using WHO procedures, test kits and impregnated papers to assess their insecticide susceptibility status.

Spectrum of metabolic-based resistance to DDT and pyrethroids in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Cameroon.

Some populations of Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Cameroon were reported to develop resistance to DDT or pyrethroids but were free of the kdr mutation "Leucine-Phenylalanine" (Leu-Phe).

A preliminary test of the protective efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in an area of Anopheles gambiae metabolic resistance to pyrethroids in north Cameroon.

A trial of permethrin-treated nets (PTNs) versus untreated nets (UTNs) was conducted in Pitoa (north Cameroon), where the main malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles arabiensis, show metabolic-based permethrin resistance.

Malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in coastal south-western Cameroon.

Background: Malaria is a major public health problem in Cameroon. Unlike in the southern forested areas where the epidemiology of malaria has been better studied prior to the implementation of control activities, little is known about the distribution and role of anophelines in malaria transmission in the coastal areas.

Methods: A 12-month longitudinal entomological survey was conducted in Tiko, Limbe and Idenau from August 2001 to July 2002.

Exploiting the potential of vector control for disease prevention.

Although vector control has proven highly effective in preventing disease transmission, it is not being used to its full potential, thereby depriving disadvantaged populations of the benefits of well tried and tested methods. Following the discovery of synthetic residual insecticides in the 1940s, large-scale programmes succeeded in bringing many of the important vector-borne diseases under control. By the late 1960s, most vector-borne diseases--with the exception of malaria in Africa--were no longer considered to be of primary public health importance.

Reduced bio-efficacy of permethrin EC impregnated bednets against an Anopheles gambiae strain with oxidase-based pyrethroid tolerance.

Background: Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are an integral component of malaria control programmes in Africa. How much pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors will impact on the efficacy of ITNs is controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate knockdown and killing effects of ITNs on a metabolic-based resistant or tolerant malaria vector strain.

Bioefficacy of cyfluthrin (SOLFAC EW050) impregnated bed-nets against Anopheles gambiae in southern Cameroon.

The bioefficacy of cyfluthrin-impregnated bed-nets was evaluated in the agro-industrial town of Mbandjock (southern Cameroon). The objectives were to assess the knockdown and mortality rates, the protection against bloodfeeding mosquitoes, and the irritant effect of cyfluthrin (SOLFAC EW050)-impregnated bed-nets against a susceptible strain of Anopheles gambiae. Polyester bed-nets were impregnated and distributed to inhabitants of Mbandjock for use, then nets were retreated after 6 months.

Insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Republic of Cameroon.

A large-scale survey of Anopheles gambiae Giles, 1902 susceptibility to DDT, dieldrin, permethrin, and deltamethrin was conducted in the Republic of Cameroon. 15 field populations from various geographical areas were tested using World Health Organization test kits for adult mosquitoes. The laboratory Kisumu susceptible reference strain was tested as a control.

Vector-control synergies, between 'roll back malaria' and the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, in the African region.

The perspectives and opportunities for controlling the mosquito vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti in tropical Africa are summarized and discussed. The countries covered by the World Health Organization's African Region have about one third of the world's burden of lymphatic filariasis (LF) as well as large shares of the planet's malaria and of many other vector-borne diseases. African LF is entirely caused by nocturnally periodic W.

The epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in two Cameroonian villages: Simbok and Etoa.

In support of ongoing immunologic studies on immunity to Plasmodium falciparum, demographic, entomologic, parasitologic, and clinical studies were conducted in two Cameroonian villages located 3 km apart. Simbok (population = 907) has pools of water present year round that provide breeding sites for Anopheles gambiae, whereas Etoa (population = 485) has swampy areas that dry up annually in which A. funestus breed.

Status of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato.

The present study confirms the presence of pyrethroid resistance among Anopheles gambiae s.l mosquitos in Côte d'Ivoire and reports the observation of such resistance in two other countries in West Africa (Benin and Burkina Faso). Malaria vector populations from Cameroon (Central Africa), Senegal (West Africa) and Botswana (southern Africa) were found to be susceptible to pyrethroids.