How do opt-in versus opt-out settings nudge patients toward electronic health record adoption? An exploratory study of facilitators and barriers in Austria and France.

Background: Electronic health records (EHR) are becoming an integral part of the health system in many developed countries, though implementations and settings vary across countries. Some countries have adopted an opt-out policy, in which patients are enrolled in the EHR system following a default nudge, while others have applied an opt-in policy, where patients have to take action to opt into the system. While opt-in systems may exhibit lower levels of active user requests for access, this contrasts with opt-out systems where a notable percentage of users may passively retain access.

Do personal health concerns and trust in healthcare providers mitigate privacy concerns? Effects on patients' intention to share personal health data on electronic health records.

Rationale: Health digitalization raises important challenges for personal health-data management. Particularly, the advantages underlying the implementation of Electronic Health Record (EHR) remain limited in many countries due to patients' privacy concerns.

Objective: Drawing on the privacy calculus theory, the objective of this research is to introduce personal health concerns and trust in healthcare providers as new predictors, beyond the constituent variables of the privacy calculus model - the perceived benefits and risk.