Evaluation of learning abilities after role-playing method: Comparing outcomes of Active and Observer.

Introduction: During a role-play simulation session, despite supporting observer learning, educators disagree about whether the learning outcomes of observers are like those of active participants.

Aim: Evaluation of the degree of knowledge acquisition by these two types of learners during the same role-play session.

Methods: We carried out a quasi-experimental pre-post intervention study to identify the learning outcomes among learners serving in observer (group 1) and active (group 2) roles during a role-play simulation session.

Intercostal lung herniation secondary to thoracotomy: a case report.

Intercostal lung herniation is defined as a protrusion of the lung parenchyma through a defect in the intercostal muscles between adjacent ribs. The authors report a case of intercostal pulmonary hernia in a 45-year-old male patient, with smoking habit (30 packs-year), presented to the emergency department with dyspnea. He had the history of pulmonary emphysema complicated with a total right pneumothorax in 2015 treated by mini-thoracotomy with bullectomy and pleural abrasion.