The binding modes of brazilin and hematein from Caesalpinia sappan L. to Cutibacterium acnes lipase: Simulation studies.

The growing concern over antimicrobial resistance in Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) has spurred interest in alternative acne treatments, particularly herbal medicines. This study evaluates the binding affinities of established anti-acne agents-ketoconazole (KET) and tetracycline (TET)-alongside natural compounds, brazilin (BRA) and hematein (HEM), derived from Caesalpinia sappan L.