Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury and Mortality Post Successful Cardiac Surgery in a Kashmiri Cohort: A Prospective Comparison of the RIFLE and KDIGO Criteria.

Background and objectives In critically ill patients, acute kidney injury (AKI) influences mortality and morbidity. Few studies have looked at mortality and the frequency of AKI following successful heart and thoracic operations. The current study investigates the association between AKI and mortality rates among patients undergoing post-cardiac surgery care within the Cardiology & Cardio Vascular Thoracic Surgery (CVTS) Intensive Care Unit (ICU).

Neuronal toxicity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs): an analysis of post-marketing reports from FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) safety database.

Background: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are pivotal in treating various diseases, including cancers and autoimmune disorders. Despite their therapeutic benefits, mAb therapy has been associated with neurological toxicity.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the occurrence of neuronal toxicity associated with mAbs, utilizing data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) safety database.

Assessment of Neurologic Safety Profile of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Evaluation of Adverse Drug Reaction Reports.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) used in immunotherapy have revolutionized cancer management. However, ICI therapy can come with serious neurologic risks.

Objective: The objective of our study is to analyze the occurrence of neurologic events with ICIs.

Lactate acidosis and simultaneous recruitment of TGF-β leads to alter plasticity of hypoxic cancer cells in tumor microenvironment.

Lactate acidosis is often observed in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors. This is because glucose breaks down quickly via glycolysis, causing lactate acidity. Lactate is harmful to healthy cells, but is a major oncometabolite for solid cancer cells that do not receive sufficient oxygen.

Cardiac safety profile of type II kinase inhibitors: Analysis of post-marketing reports from databases of European Medicine Agency & World Health Organization.

Background: Targeted therapy with type II kinase inhibitors (KIs) is one of the preferred choices in cancer treatment. However, type II KI therapy can be associated to serious cardiac risks.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the occurrence of cardiac events reported with type II KIs in Eudravigilance (EV) and VigiAccess databases.

Insights on the role of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents in the amelioration of diabetes.

Diabetes is a major health problem worldwide. It is a chronic metabolic disorder that produces overt hyperglycemic condition that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin due to excessive destruction of pancreatic β-cells (type 1 diabetes) or due to development of insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes). An autoimmune condition known as type 1 diabetes (T1D) results in the targeted immune death of β-cells that produce insulin.

Oral Brincidofovir Therapy for Monkeypox Outbreak: A Focused Review on the Therapeutic Potential, Clinical Studies, Patent Literature, and Prospects.

The monkeypox disease (MPX) outbreak of 2022 has been reported in more than one hundred countries and is becoming a global concern. Unfortunately, only a few treatments, such as tecovirimat (TCV), are available against MPX. Brincidofovir (BCV) is a United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)-approved antiviral against smallpox.

Hypoxia induced lactate acidosis modulates tumor microenvironment and lipid reprogramming to sustain the cancer cell survival.

It is well known that solid hypoxic tumour cells oxidise glucose through glycolysis, and the end product of this pathway is fermented into lactate which accumulates in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Initially, it was proclaimed that cancer cells cannot use lactate; therefore, they dump it into the TME and subsequently augment the acidity of the tumour milieu. Furthermore, the TME acts as a lactate sink with stope variable amount of lactate in different pathophysiological condition.

Insight on Cardiac Chronobiology and Latest Developments of Chronotherapeutic Antihypertensive Interventions for Better Clinical Outcomes.

Cardiac circadian rhythms are an important regulator of body functions, including cardiac activities and blood pressure. Disturbance of circadian rhythm is known to trigger and aggravate various cardiovascular diseases. Thus, modulating the circadian rhythm can be used as a therapeutic approach to cardiovascular diseases.

MmpL3 Inhibition as a Promising Approach to Develop Novel Therapies against Tuberculosis: A Spotlight on SQ109, Clinical Studies, and Patents Literature.

Tuberculosis (TB) is accountable for considerable global morbidity and mortality. Effective TB therapy with multiple drugs completes in about six months. The longer duration of TB therapy challenges patient compliance and contributes to treatment collapse and drug resistance (DR) progress.

Combined therapy with ivermectin and doxycycline can effectively alleviate the cytokine storm of COVID-19 infection amid vaccination drive: A narrative review.

An unprecedented global health crisis has developed due to the emergence of the mysterious coronavirus-2 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, which has resulted in millions of deaths around the globe, as no therapy could control the 'cytokine storm'. Consequently, many vaccines have been developed and several others are being developed for this infection. Although most of the approved vaccines have been highly effective, many developing, and economically poor countries are still deprived of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 due to the unequal distribution of vaccines worldwide.

Oxidative Stress: Meeting Multiple Targets in Pathogenesis of Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction.

The vascular endothelium is the innermost lining of blood vessels, which maintains vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Loss of vascular tone is a hallmark for cardiovascular disorders. Numerous factors, such as over-activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, kinases, growth factors, etc.

Neuroprotective Efficacy of Edaravone against Arsenic-Induced Behavioral and Neurochemical Deficits in Rats: Amelioration of Cholinergic and Mitochondrial Functions.

Background: A substantial amount of evidence indicates that long-term arsenic exposure leads to various types of pathological complications, especially cognitive dysfunction.

Objective: The present study was designed to assess the neuroprotective potential of edaravone (a potent free radical scavenger) against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats.

Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups.

Insight into the biological impact of COVID-19 and its vaccines on human health.

COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is a contagious illness that has been declared a global epidemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The coronavirus causes diseases ranging in severity from the common cold to severe respiratory diseases and death. Coronavirus primarily affects blood pressure by attaching to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptor.

Potential role of nicotinamide analogues against SARS-COV-2 target proteins.

Background And Objective: Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by 'severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2' (SARS-CoV-2), first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, which eventually became a global disaster. Various key mediators have been reported in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. However, no effective pharmacological intervention has been available to combat COVID-19 complications.

Mangiferin ameliorates intracerebroventricular-quinolinic acid-induced cognitive deficits, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in Wistar rats.

Introduction: Mangiferin (MGF), a xanthonoid polyphenol, confers neuroprotection via combating oxidative stress and inflammation. The current investigation aimed to assess the neuroprotective potential of MGF on behavioral and neurochemical anomalies evoked by administration of quinolinic acid (QA) through intrastriatal injection in male Wistar rats and to reveal the associated mechanisms.

Materials And Methods: QA (300 nm/4 μl saline) was administered intracerebroventricular in the striatum (unilaterally) once.

Amelioration of Diabetes-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy by Aloe vera: Implication of Oxidative Stress and Hyperlipidemia.

This study investigated the effect of Aloe vera in diabetes-induced nephropathy in rats. As diabetes-associated hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, we evaluated the protective effect of whole leaf extract of Aloe vera on the basis of its hypolipidemic and antioxidative property. Aloe vera (300 mg/kg orally) has been noted to possess renoprotective effect in experimental diabetic nephropathy.

Oxidative stress: meeting multiple targets in pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.

Excessive production of reactive oxygen species is an important mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of diabetes associated macrovascular and microvascular complications including diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by glomerular enlargement, early albuminuria and progressive glomerulosclerosis. The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy is multi-factorial and the precise mechanisms are unclear.

Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy: an update.

Diabetes mellitus is known to trigger retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy, a long-term major microvascular complication of uncontrolled hyperglycemia, affects a large population worldwide. Recent findings suggest that numerous pathways are activated during the course of diabetes mellitus and that these pathways individually or collectively play a role in the induction and progression of diabetic nephropathy.

The low dose combination of fenofibrate and rosiglitazone halts the progression of diabetes-induced experimental nephropathy.

The present study investigated the combined effect of low doses of fenofibrate (PPAR-alpha agonist) and rosiglitazone (PPAR-gamma agonist) in diabetes-induced experimental nephropathy. Rats were administered streptozotocin (55 mg/kg i.p.

Emerging role of PPAR ligands in the management of diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in hyperglycemic patients. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-II AT(1) receptor blockers are currently employed to treat patients with diabetic nephropathy; but these agents are considered to be inadequate to control the symptoms of diabetic nephropathy. Recent studies suggest that PPAR ligands are promising agents to prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy: involvement of multifaceted signalling mechanism.

Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of end-stage renal failure and the mortality rate due to this disease is continuously progressing worldwide. The multifaceted signalling mechanisms have been identified to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Despite the modern therapies like antidiabetics, antihypertensives, and antioxidants available to treat diabetic nephropathy; most of patients continue to show progressive renal damage.

Recent advances in pharmacotherapy for diabetic nephropathy: current perspectives and future directions.

Chronic diabetes mellitus is associated with various complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, vasculopathy, dermatopathy and encephalopathy. Nephropathy is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus, and the morbidity and mortality due to diabetic nephropathy is constantly progressing in industrialized nations. No satisfactory therapeutic option is currently available to treat patients with nephropathy except for fewer agents like angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin AT(1) receptor blockers and few antioxidants, which have been shown to improve the function of diabetic kidney to some extent.