Development of a P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD at 3 T.

NADH and NAD act as electron donors and acceptors and NAD was shown to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic health. We here develop a non-invasive Phosphorous Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (P-MRS) method to quantify these metabolites in human skeletal muscle on a clinical 3 T MRI scanner. This new MR-sequence enables NADH and NAD+ quantification by suppressing α-ATP signal, normally overlapping with NADH and NAD.

Invasive and noninvasive markers of human skeletal muscle mitochondrial function.

Mitochondria are organelles that fuel cellular energy requirements by ATP formation via aerobic metabolism. Given the wide variety of methods to assess skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity, we tested how well different invasive and noninvasive markers of skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity reflect mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized muscle fibers. Nineteen young men (mean age: 24 ± 4 years) were recruited, and a muscle biopsy was collected to determine mitochondrial respiration from permeabilized muscle fibers and to quantify markers of mitochondrial capacity, content such as citrate synthase (CS) activity, mitochondrial DNA copy number, TOMM20, VDAC, and protein content for complex I-V of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system.

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial inertia is associated with carnitine acetyltransferase activity and physical function in humans.

BACKGROUNDAt the onset of exercise, the speed at which phosphocreatine (PCr) decreases toward a new steady state (PCr on-kinetics) reflects the readiness to activate mitochondrial ATP synthesis, which is secondary to Acetyl-CoA availability in skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that PCr on-kinetics are slower in metabolically compromised and older individuals and are associated with low carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) protein activity and compromised physical function.METHODSWe applied 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to assess PCr on-kinetics in 2 cohorts of volunteers.

Exercise training elicits superior metabolic effects when performed in the afternoon compared to morning in metabolically compromised humans.

The circadian clock and metabolism are tightly intertwined. Hence, the specific timing of interventions that target metabolic changes may affect their efficacy. Here we retrospectively compared the metabolic health effects of morning versus afternoon exercise training in metabolically compromised subjects enrolled in a 12-week exercise training program.

Intranasal Dexamethasone Reduces Mortality and Brain Damage in a Mouse Experimental Ischemic Stroke Model.

Neuroinflammation triggered by the expression of damaged-associated molecular patterns released from dying cells plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. However, the benefits from the control of neuroinflammation in the clinical outcome have not been established. In this study, the effectiveness of intranasal, a highly efficient route to reach the central nervous system, and intraperitoneal dexamethasone administration in the treatment of neuroinflammation was evaluated in a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in C57BL/6 male mice.

Phosphate starvation enhances phagocytosis of Mycobacterium bovis/BCG by macrophages.

Background: Tuberculosis is an important health problem worldwide. The only available vaccine is M. bovis/BCG, an attenuated mycobacterium that activates the innate and the acquired immune system after being phagocytosed by macrophages and dendritic cells.

Diurnal Regulation of Peripheral Glucose Metabolism: Potential Effects of Exercise Timing.

Diurnal oscillations in energy metabolism are linked to the activity of biological clocks and contribute to whole-body glucose homeostasis. Postprandially, skeletal muscle takes up approximately 80% of circulatory glucose and hence is a key organ in maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Dysregulation of molecular clock components in skeletal muscle disrupts whole-body glucose homeostasis.

Heart Rate During an Exercise Test and Acute High-intensity Interval Training in Type 2 Diabetes.

To describe and compare the acute heart rate changes during an incremental exercise test and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in subjects of different glucose control. Seventy-five adults were allocated into three groups: Normoglycaemic (NG, 32), Pre- (PreT2D, 30) and Type 2 diabetic (T2D, 13) subjects. Subjects performed an incremental cycling test to determine cardiorespiratory fitness (VOmax), maximum heart rate (HRmax) and HR recovery post maximal effort, as well as a HIIT cycling session.

Gender differences in blood pressure and body composition in schoolchildren ascendants from Amerindian and European.

In spite of there are a wide knowledge of the prevalence of hypertension in adult, there is poor information on schoolchildren of different ethnicity and gender. To compare the levels of blood pressure and other cardiometabolic risk factors for hypertension between schoolchildren of different gender and ethnicity. In a cross-sectional study, 540 schoolchildren (6-13 years) ascendants from a Chilean public school population were analysed by ethnicity and gender in four groups (Mapuches = 55; European boys = 199, and Mapuches = 64, and European girls = 222).

Mycobacterial glycolipid Di-O-acyl trehalose promotes a tolerogenic profile in dendritic cells.

Due to prolonged coevolution with the human being, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has acquired a sophisticated capacity to evade host immunity and persist in a latent state in the infected individual. As part of this evolutive process, mycobacteria have developed a highly complex cell wall that acts as a protective barrier. Herein we studied the effects of Di-O-acyl trehalose, a cell-wall glycolipid of virulent mycobacteria on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.

[Effects of high intensity interval training on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects].

Background: Exercise training may reduce blood pressure.

Aim: To determine the effects of a high intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise protocol on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive subjects.

Material And Methods: Eleven men and 27 women aged 46.

Efficient Bioconversion of High Concentration Phytosterol Microdispersion to 4-Androstene-3,17-Dione (AD) by Mycobacterium sp. B3805.

Low solubility of sterols in aqueous media limits efficient steroid production mediated by biocatalytic microorganisms such as Mycobacterium. Sterol emulsion technologies have been developed with low success rates, largely due to the complexity of generating stable and bioavailable particles. In this study, several aqueous dispersions of sterols in-water of different particle sizes were bioconverted to 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD) in a solvent-free environment, using a classic microorganism Mycobacterium sp.

Dendritic cells that phagocytose apoptotic macrophages loaded with mycobacterial antigens activate CD8 T cells via cross-presentation.

While homeostatic apoptosis is immunologically silent, macrophage apoptosis during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection can potentially induce an immune response against the mycobacteria. To examine the role of dendritic cells in this response, macrophage apoptosis was induced by incubating the macrophage with cell wall extracts of mycobacteria expressing LpqH. The apoptogenic proteins of the cell wall extracts were engulfed by the macrophage and then were translocated from the cytosol to the nuclei of the dying cells.

Production and Biotransformation of Phytosterol Microdispersions to Produce 4-Androstene-3,17-Dione.

The current state of knowledge regarding phytosterols biotransformation to produce the steroid intermediate 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD) shows different technologies. However, the initial concentration of phytosterols in batch cultures is limited due to its low solubility in aqueous media, causing serious difficulties for scaling up because of the low mass transfer. In this chapter, we describe a fermentation method of a phytosterol microdispersion with Mycobacterium sp.

Reduced Meloidogyne ethiopica Parasitism in Vitis vinifera Grafted on Six Resistant Rootstocks Under Field and Greenhouse Conditions.

Meloidogyne ethiopica, an aggressive nematode, causes significant economic losses to Vitis crops. Rootstocks can successfully manage phytoparasitic nematodes. However, no studies exist on M.

Rosa Mosqueta Oil Prevents Oxidative Stress and Inflammation through the Upregulation of PPAR-α and NRF2 in C57BL/6J Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.

Rosa mosqueta (RM) oil is characterized by high concentrations of antioxidants and α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3). We have previously demonstrated in male C57BL/6J mice that RM decreases hepatic steatosis, a condition strongly associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. We studied the molecular mechanisms that underlie the role of RM in preventing high-fat diet (HFD)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.

Effects of rosa mosqueta oil supplementation in lipogenic markers associated with prevention of liver steatosis.

Rosa mosqueta (RM) oil is rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) - a precursor of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and it has a high antioxidant activity due to its abundant content of tocopherols. Additionally, it has been observed that RM oil administration prevents hepatic steatosis. Thus, the aim of this study was to demonstrate the antilipogenic mechanism related to RM oil administration in a high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice model by evaluating markers associated with the regulation of lipid droplet metabolism (PLIN2, PLIN5 and PPAR-γ), and proteins associated with lipogenesis (FAS and SREBP-1c).

[Effects of 12 sessions of high intensity intermittent training and nutrition counseling on body fat in obese and overweight participants].

Background: The search of efficient exercise alternatives to treat obesity is worthwhile.

Aim: To demonstrate the effect of high intensity intermittent exercise on body fat reduction in overweight and obese subjects.

Material And Methods: A group of 65 overweight and obese adult subjects (25 men), aged 18-65 years, participated during 12 sessions in a high intensity physical exercise program, 3 days/week.

Changes in the heart rate recovery to endurance effort after high intensity interval, strength, and concurrent exercise training in patients with insulin resistance.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of three exercise training programs in the adaptation of the heart rate recovery of patients with insulin resistance.

Methods: We studied 43 women with insulin resistance, which were assigned to three training groups: 1) high intensity interval training (HIT, age 39.0±10 years); 2) strength training (ST, age 33.

The Mannose Receptor Is Involved in the Phagocytosis of Mycobacteria-Induced Apoptotic Cells.

Upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, macrophages may undergo apoptosis, which has been considered an innate immune response. The pathways underlying the removal of dead cells in homeostatic apoptosis have been extensively studied, but little is known regarding how cells that undergo apoptotic death during mycobacterial infection are removed. This study shows that macrophages induced to undergo apoptosis with mycobacteria cell wall proteins are engulfed by J-774A.

Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training as a Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes.

Our purpose was to investigate the effects of low-volume, high-intensity interval training (HIT) on cardiometabolic risk and exercise capacity in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sedentary overweight/obese T2DM women (age=44.5±1.

Mycobacterial glycolipids di-O-acylated trehalose and tri-O-acylated trehalose downregulate inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production in macrophages.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious human health problem that affects millions of people in the world. Understanding the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is essential for tackling this devastating disease. Mtb possesses a very complex cell envelope containing a variety of lipid components that participate in the establishment of the infection.

Identification of proteins associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence pathway by their polar profile.

With almost one third of the world population infected, tuberculosis is one of the most devastating diseases worldwide and it is a major threat to any healthcare system. With the mathematical-computational method named "Polarity Index Method", already published by this group, we identified, with high accuracy (70%), proteins related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria virulence pathway from the Tuberculist Database. The test considered the totality of proteins cataloged in the main domains: fungi, bacteria, and viruses from three databases: Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD2), Tuberculist Database, Uniprot Database, and four antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: PstS-1, 38-kDa, 19-kDa, and H37Rv ORF.

Expression of autocrine prolactin and the short isoform of prolactin receptor are associated with inflammatory response and apoptosis in monocytes stimulated with Mycobacterium bovis proteins.

Increased levels of prolactin (PRL) have recently been associated with carcinogenesis and the exacerbation of autoimmune diseases, and might be involved in the progression of tuberculosis (TB). To investigate the relationship between PRL and prolactin receptor (PRLr) expression with inflammatory response and apoptosis in monocytes, we used THP-1 cells stimulated with antigens of the Mycobacterium bovis AN5 strain culture filtrate protein (CFP-M. bovis).

PstS-1, the 38-kDa Mycobacterium tuberculosis glycoprotein, is an adhesin, which binds the macrophage mannose receptor and promotes phagocytosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the primary causative agent of tuberculosis, infects macrophages and transforms the hostile intracellular environment into a permissive niche. M. tuberculosis infects macrophages using a variety of microbial ligand/cell receptor systems.