Diagnostic accuracy of a modularized, virtual-reality-based automated pupillometer for detection of relative afferent pupillary defect in unilateral optic neuropathies.

Purpose: To describe the construction and diagnostic accuracy of a modularized, virtual reality (VR)-based, pupillometer for detecting relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) in unilateral optic neuropathies, vis-à-vis, clinical grading by experienced neuro-ophthalmologists.

Methods: Protocols for the swinging flashlight test and pupillary light response analysis used in a previous stand-alone pupillometer was integrated into the hardware of a Pico Neo 2 Eye VR headset with built-in eye tracker. Each eye of 77 cases (mean ± 1SD age: 39.

Peripheral Refraction Using Ancillary Retinoscope Component (P-ARC).

Purpose: To assess the agreement of retinoscope-based peripheral refraction techniques with the criterion standard open-field autorefractor.

Methods: Fifty young adults (mean age, 24 ± 3 years) participated in this study. Two masked, experienced senior examiners carried out central refraction and peripheral refraction at the temporal 22° (T22°) and nasal 22° (N22°) eccentricities.