Time Domain Transmissiometry-Based Sensor for Simultaneously Measuring Soil Water Content, Electrical Conductivity, Temperature, and Matric Potential.

Owing to the increasing popularity of smart agriculture in recent years, it is necessary to develop a single sensor that can measure several soil properties, particularly the soil water content and matric potential. Therefore, in this study, we developed a sensor that can simultaneously measure soil water content (θ), electrical conductivity (σ), temperature, and matric potential (ψ). The proposed sensor can determine θ and σ using time domain transmissiometry and can determine ψ based on the capacitance of the accompanying ceramic plate.