Choline and geranate ionic liquid for subgingival biofilm control.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes destruction of the periodontium and eventual tooth loss. The priority in the periodontal treatment is to remove the subgingival biofilm. Chemical removal of biofilms using antimicrobial agents has been applied in clinical practice.

Comprehensive analysis of non-selective and selective autophagy in yeast atg mutants and characterization of autophagic activity in the absence of the Atg8 conjugation system.

Most autophagy-related genes, or ATG genes, have been identified through studies using budding yeast. Although the functions of the ATG genes are well understood, the contributions of individual genes to non-selective and various types of selective autophagy remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we quantified the activity of non-selective autophagy, the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway, mitophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-phagy and pexophagy in all Saccharomyces cerevisiae atg mutants.

Atg44/Mdi1/mitofissin facilitates Dnm1-mediated mitochondrial fission.

Mitochondria undergo fission and fusion, and their coordinated balance is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. In yeast, the dynamin-related protein Dnm1 is a mitochondrial fission factor acting from outside the mitochondria. We recently reported the mitochondrial intermembrane space protein Atg44/mitofissin/Mdi1/Mco8 as a novel fission factor, but the relationship between Atg44 and Dnm1 remains elusive.

Assessing the combined impact of fatty liver-induced TGF-β1 and LPS-activated macrophages in fibrosis through a novel 3D serial section methodology.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), caused by fat buildup, can lead to liver inflammation and damage. Elucidation of the spatial distribution of fibrotic tissue in the fatty liver in NASH can be immensely useful to understand its pathogenesis. Thus, we developed a novel serial section-3D (SS3D) technique that combines high-resolution image acquisition with 3D construction software, which enabled highly detailed analysis of the mouse liver and extraction and quantification of stained tissues.

Novel artificial nerve transplantation of human iPSC-derived neurite bundles enhanced nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury.

Background: Severe peripheral nerve damage always requires surgical treatment. Autologous nerve transplantation is a standard treatment, but it is not sufficient due to length limitations and extended surgical time. Even with the available artificial nerves, there is still large room for improvement in their therapeutic effects.

Spatiotemporal expression patterns of R-spondins and their receptors, Lgrs, in the developing mouse telencephalon.

Development of the mammalian telencephalon, which is the most complex region of the central nervous system, is precisely orchestrated by many signaling molecules. Wnt signaling derived from the cortical hem, a signaling center, is crucial for telencephalic development including cortical patterning and the induction of hippocampal development. Secreted protein R-spondin (Rspo) 1-4 and their receptors, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor (Lgr) 4-6, act as activators of Wnt signaling.

Inductive effect of SORT1 on odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp-derived stem cells.

This study investigated the expression of sortilin 1 (SORT1) in cultured human dental pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) and its role in their odontoblastic differentiation. Permanent teeth were extracted from five patients, and the dental pulp was harvested for explant culture. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to analyze the outgrowth of adherent cells and cells that had migrated from the tissue margin.

The mitochondrial intermembrane space protein mitofissin drives mitochondrial fission required for mitophagy.

Mitophagy plays an important role in mitochondrial homeostasis by selective degradation of mitochondria. During mitophagy, mitochondria should be fragmented to allow engulfment within autophagosomes, whose capacity is exceeded by the typical mitochondria mass. However, the known mitochondrial fission factors, dynamin-related proteins Dnm1 in yeasts and DNM1L/Drp1 in mammals, are dispensable for mitophagy.

miR-92a-3p encapsulated in bone metastatic mammary tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles modulates mature osteoclast longevity.

Aberrant osteoclast formation and activation are the hallmarks of osteolytic metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), released from bone metastatic tumor cells, play a pivotal role in the progression of osteolytic lesions. However, the mechanisms through which tumor cell-derived EVs regulate osteoclast differentiation and function have not been fully elucidated.

Lysocin E Targeting Menaquinone in the Membrane of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is a Promising Lead Compound for Antituberculosis Drugs.

Tuberculosis remains a public health crisis and a health security threat. There is an urgent need to develop new antituberculosis drugs with novel modes of action to cure drug-resistant tuberculosis and shorten the chemotherapy period by sterilizing tissues infected with dormant bacteria. Lysocin E is an antibiotic that showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus by binding to its menaquinone (commonly known as vitamin K).

Diet-related changes of basal lamina fenestrations in the villous epithelium of the rat small intestine: Statistical analysis on scanning electron microscopy.

The epithelial basal lamina of the small intestine has numerous fenestrations for intraepithelial migration of leukocytes. We have reported dynamic changes of fenestrations in dietary conditions. To investigate this phenomenon, we performed statistical analyses using scanning electron microscopy images of the epithelial basal lamina of rat intestinal villi after removal of the villous epithelium by osmium maceration.

Rice peptide with amino acid substitution inhibits biofilm formation by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum.

Objective: Rice peptide has antibacterial properties that have been tested in planktonic bacterial culture. However, bacteria form biofilm at disease sites and are resistant to antibacterial agents. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanisms of action of rice peptide and its amino acid substitution against periodontopathic bacteria and their antibiofilm effects.

SLPI facilitates cell migration by regulating lamellipodia/ruffles and desmosomes, in which Galectin4 plays an important role.

To elucidate the underlying mechanism of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI)-induced cell migration, we compared SLPI-deleted human gingival carcinoma Ca9-22 (ΔSLPI) cells and original (wild-type: wt) Ca9-22 cells using several microscopic imaging methods and gene expression analysis. Our results indicated reduced migration of ΔSLPI cells compared to wtCa9-22 cells. The lamellipodia/dorsal ruffles were smaller and moved slower in ΔSLPI cells compared to wtCa9-22 cells.

Gap junction with MLO-A5 osteoblast-like cell line induces ALP and BSP transcription of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte like cell line via Hspb1 while retaining adipogenic differentiation ability.

In bone tissues, gap junctions form direct links between the cytoplasm of an osteocyte and another adjacent osteocyte or osteoblast, which underlie both bone formation and bone resorption. We have previously demonstrated that alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP), which are osteoblast markers, were induced in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) co-cultured with osteoblast-like cell line. However, the molecular mechanism of this process has not been fully addressed.

Effect of methionine/choline-deficient diet and high-fat diet-induced steatohepatitis on mitochondrial homeostasis in mice.

Considering the increase in cases of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the use of appropriate animal model of NASH is essential to understand the underlying pathogenesis mechanism. To date, several mice models have been used; however, significant differences in the etiologies and food administered affected the results, with inconsistent conclusions. Therefore, it is necessary to understand these models and their differences to be able to choose appropriate models.

Dynamic changes in basal lamina fenestrations in rat intestinal villous epithelium under high-fat diet condition.

The basal lamina of the villous epithelium in the small intestine has numerous fenestrations, which are produced by leukocytes for their intraepithelial migration. We previously showed that these fenestrations change due to the dynamics of migrating leukocytes in response to dietary conditions and suggested the possibility that this change is related to the regulation of the absorption of large-sized nutrients such as chylomicrons. The present study was, thus, designed to investigate structural changes in basal lamina fenestrations in response to a high-fat diet.

Dual effect of polyphosphate on mineralization of rat osteoblast ROS17/2.8 cells in a dose-dependent manner.

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), a linear polymer of orthophosphate, is found at high concentrations in osteoblasts. We demonstrated the effects of various polyP concentrations on the mineralization of rat osteoblast ROS17/2.8 cells.

A bacterial metabolite ameliorates periodontal pathogen-induced gingival epithelial barrier disruption via GPR40 signaling.

Several studies have demonstrated the remarkable properties of microbiota and their metabolites in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. 10-Hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid (HYA), a bioactive metabolite generated by probiotic microorganisms during the process of fatty acid metabolism, has been studied for its protective effects against epithelial barrier impairment in the intestines. Herein, we examined the effect of HYA on gingival epithelial barrier function and its possible application for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease.

Dynamics of basal lamina fenestrations in the rat intestinal villous epithelium in response to dietary conditions.

The epithelial basal lamina of the small intestine forms a felt-like sheet at the base of the epithelium. Previous studies have shown that the basal lamina has numerous fenestrations, which are produced by leukocytes penetrating through the basal lamina. In this study, we aimed to directly visualize fenestrations of the rat basal lamina in intestinal villi by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after removal of the villous epithelium by osmium maceration and ultrasonic treatment.

Protonema of the moss Funaria hygrometrica can function as a lead (Pb) adsorbent.

Water contamination by heavy metals from industrial activities is a serious environmental concern. To mitigate heavy metal toxicity and to recover heavy metals for recycling, biomaterials used in phytoremediation and bio-sorbent filtration have recently drawn renewed attention. The filamentous protonemal cells of the moss Funaria hygrometrica can hyperaccumulate lead (Pb) up to 74% of their dry weight when exposed to solutions containing divalent Pb.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of root cells and interdental cells in the rat inner ear by serial section scanning electron microscopy.

In the cochlea, a high K environment in the endolymph is essential for the maintenance of normal hearing function, and the transport of K ions through gap junctions of the cochlear epithelium is thought to play an important role in endolymphatic homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the three-dimensional (3D) ultrastructure of spiral ligament root cells and interdental cells, which are located at both ends of the gap junction system of the cochlea epithelium. Serial semi-thin sections of plastic-embedded rat cochlea were mounted on glass slides, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using the backscattered electron (BSE) mode.

Electron probe X-ray microanalysis studies on the distribution change of intra- and extracellular calcium in the elongation zone of horizontally reoriented soybean roots.

To clarify the contribution of Ca to the gravitropic response, quantitative X-ray microanalyses were performed on cryosections of roots of soybean seedlings reoriented horizontally from their original vertical orientation. After reorientation, the roots bent gradually toward the ground at the elongation zone. The concentrations of Ca in the cell walls, cytoplasmic matrices and central vacuoles of cortical cells were measured in the upper and lower halves of the elongation zone at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min after reorientation.

Effect of NaCl on ionic content and distribution in suspension-cultured cells of the halophyte Sonneratia alba versus the glycophyte Oryza sativa.

The effect of a high concentration of NaCl on the intra- (cytoplasmic matrix and vacuole) and extracellular (cell wall) distribution of Na, Cl, K, Mg, Ca, S, and P was investigated in suspension-cultured cells of the mangrove halophyte Sonneratia alba and compared to cultured cells of glycophytic rice (Oryza sativa). No significant differences were observed in ultrastructural features of cluster cells of both species cultured with and without 50mM NaCl. Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of cryosections of the cells cultured in the presence of 50mM NaCl showed that the Na concentration ([Na]) and Cl concentration ([Cl]) significantly increased in all three cell components measured.

Properties of lead deposits in cell walls of radish (Raphanus sativus) roots.

Various mechanisms are involved in detoxification of heavy metals such as lead (Pb) in plant cells. Most of the Pb taken up by plants accumulates in their roots. However, the detailed properties of Pb complexes in roots remain unclear.

Cytochemical and electron probe X-ray microanalysis studies on the distribution change of intracellular calcium in columella cells of soybean roots under simulated microgravity.

The columella cells of soybean roots grown under gravity and simulated microgravity induced by a clinostat were examined using potassium pyroantimonate (PA) and quantitative X-ray microanalysis of cryosections to determine the role of Ca in the regulation of the gravitropic response. Amyloplasts in the columella cells were localized exclusively at the bottom under gravity, but diffusely distributed in the cytoplasmic matrix under simulated microgravity, thus supporting the statolith theory. In the columella cells, PA precipitates containing Ca were diffusely distributed in the cytoplasmic matrix under gravity.