Uptake of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Medicare Beneficiaries - United States, 2014-2021.

Background: Previous studies have estimated preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among persons with commercial health insurance and Medicaid. However, data are lacking regarding PrEP use among those with Medicare.

Methods: Using a previously developed algorithm, we estimated the number of Medicare beneficiaries (MBs) with fee-for-service (FFS) claims who were prescribed PrEP from 2014 to 2021.

Disparities in Rates of Death From HIV or Tuberculosis Before Age 65 Years, by Race, Ethnicity, and Sex, United States, 2011-2020.

Objective: Death from tuberculosis or HIV among people from racial and ethnic minority groups who are aged <65 years is a public health concern. We describe age-adjusted, absolute, and relative death rates from HIV or tuberculosis from 2011 through 2020 by sex, race, and ethnicity among US residents.

Methods: We used mortality data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention online data system on deaths from multiple causes from 2011 through 2020 to calculate age-adjusted death rates and absolute and relative disparities in rates of death by sex, race, and ethnicity.

Health Care Use among Medicare Beneficiaries with HIV and Depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic-United States, 2020.

Access and use of health care services are essential to health and well-being for people with HIV and HIV-related comorbidities. Health care use during the COVID-19 pandemic among Medicare beneficiaries (MBs) with concurrent HIV and depression has not been investigated. We used 2020 Medicare data to assess the percentage of MBs with claims for HIV and depression who also received hospitalization, outpatient diagnostic services, drug treatment, and outpatient procedures.

Emergency department claims among Medicare beneficiaries with HIV, STDs, viral hepatitis or tuberculosis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Changes in emergency department (ED) usage among US Medicare beneficiaries (MB) with fee-for-service claims for HIV, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or tuberculosis (TB) (HHST) services have not been assessed since the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: During 2006-20, we assessed the annual number of MB with each HHST per 1000 persons with ED claims for all conditions, and changes in demographic and geographic distribution of ED claimants for each HHST condition.

Results: Of all persons who attended an ED for any condition, 10.

Association of Urban-Rural Residence and Concurrent HIV Infection and Opioid Use Disorder Among Medicare Beneficiaries-United States, 2020.

Published research provides minimal insights into variation by urban or rural residence of HIV infection risk and injection drug use. We used the 2020 Medicare claims data to assess the association of urban-rural residence and concurrent HIV infection and opioid use disorder (OUD), adjusted for demographic risk factors, among Medicare beneficiaries (MBs) with fee-for-service claims paid during 2020. Medicare beneficiaries with both HIV infection and OUD were more likely than those without to be aged ≤64 years, male, Black, residing in the U.

Provisional COVID-19 Age-Adjusted Death Rates, by Race and Ethnicity - United States, 2020-2021.

Disparities in COVID-19 death rates by race and ethnicity have been reported in the United States (1,2). In response to these disparities, preventive, medical care, and social service assistance programs were implemented to lessen disparities in COVID-19 outcomes, including grants to support state, tribal, local, and territorial health department responses (3). The potential impact of such efforts on annual changes in racial and ethnic disparities in mortality rates that identify COVID-19 as the underlying cause of death has not been previously reported.

Telehealth Availability and Usage Among Medicare Beneficiaries During the COVID-19 Pandemic, October and November 2020.

Context: During the COVID-19 pandemic, demand for telehealth services increased to reduce disease exposure for patients and providers and to meet preexisting demand for physician services in health resource shortage areas.

Objective: To estimate self-reported telehealth availability, equipment for accessing telehealth, and telehealth usage among Medicare beneficiaries during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design: We used data from the 2020 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) COVID-19 Fall Supplement Public Use File to estimate the weighted percentages of beneficiaries who had (a) access to telehealth before or during COVID-19; (b) equipment for accessing telehealth; and (c) telehealth visits during COVID-19.

Racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19 hospitalizations by metropolitan status among Medicare beneficiaries, 1 January-31 December 2020.

Background: Risk for COVID-19 hospitalizations increases with increasing age and presence of underlying medical conditions. However, the burden has not been well-assessed in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas by race/ethnicity among Medicare population with chronic conditions.

Methods: We used the 2020 Medicare data to estimate COVID-19 hospitalization rates by race/ethnicity among Medicare beneficiaries for COVID-19 by metropolitan status and to assess the association of hospitalizations from COVID-19 with each of selected 29 chronic conditions for patients by metropolitan status and by race/ethnicity.

COVID-19 Hospitalization by Race and Ethnicity: Association with Chronic Conditions Among Medicare Beneficiaries, January 1-September 30, 2020.

Objectives: We assessed the association between hospitalization for illness from COVID-19 infection and chronic conditions among Medicare beneficiaries (MBs) with fee-for-service (FFS) claims by race and ethnicity for January 1-September 30, 2020.

Methods: We used 2020 monthly Medicare data from January 1-September 30, 2020, reported to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to compute hospitalization rates per 100 COVID-19 MBs with FFS claims who were hospitalized (ICD-10-CM codes: B97.29 before April 1, 2020; ICD-10-CM codes: U07.

Differential Association of HIV Funding With HIV Mortality by Race/Ethnicity, United States, 1999-2017.

Objective: Federal funds have been spent to reduce the disproportionate effects of HIV/AIDS on racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States. We investigated the association between federal domestic HIV funding and age-adjusted HIV death rates by race/ethnicity in the United States during 1999-2017.

Methods: We analyzed HIV funding data from the Kaiser Family Foundation by federal fiscal year (FFY) and US age-adjusted death rates (AADRs) by race/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Asian/Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaska Native [API+AI/AN]) from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER detailed mortality files.

Male Mortality Trends in the United States, 1900-2010: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities.

Objectives: Male mortality fell substantially during the past century, and major causes of death changed. Building on our recent analysis of female mortality trends in the United States, we examined all-cause and cause-specific mortality trends at each decade from 1900 to 2010 among US males.

Methods: We conducted a descriptive study of age-adjusted death rates (AADRs) for 11 categories of disease and injury stratified by race (white, nonwhite, and, when available, black), the excess of male mortality over female mortality ([male AADR - female AADR]/female AADR), and potential causes of persistent excess of male mortality.

Factors Associated With Latent Tuberculosis Infection Treatment Failure Among Patients With Commercial Health Insurance-United States, 2005-2016.

Context: Approximately 80% of US tuberculosis (TB) cases verified during 2015-2016 were attributed to untreated latent TB infection (LTBI). Identifying factors associated with LTBI treatment failure might improve treatment effectiveness.

Objective: To identify patients with indicators of isoniazid (INH) LTBI treatment initiation, completion, and failure.

Opioid-Related Diagnoses and Concurrent Claims for HIV, HBV, or HCV among Medicare Beneficiaries, United States, 2015.

Unsterile opioid injection increases risk for infection transmission, including HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), or hepatitis C virus (HCV). We assess prevalence of and risk factors associated with opioid overdose and infections with HIV, HBV, or HCV among Medicare beneficiaries with opioid-related fee-for-service claims during 2015. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis to estimate claims for opioid use and overdose and HIV, HBV, or HCV infections, using data from US Medicare fee-for-service claims.

County-Level Socioeconomic Disparities in Use of Medical Services for Management of Infections by Medicare Beneficiaries With Diabetes-United States, 2012.

Objective: To assess county-level socioeconomic disparities in medical service usage for infections among Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes (MBWDs) who had fee-for-service health insurance claims during 2012.

Design: We used Medicare claims data to calculate percentage of MBWDs with infections.

Setting: Medicare beneficiaries.

Missed Opportunities to Prescribe Preexposure Prophylaxis in South Carolina, 2013-2016.

Background: Expanding use of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in ways that address current racial/ethnic disparities is an important human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention goal. We investigated missed opportunities to provide PrEP during healthcare visits that occur prior to HIV infection.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study linked South Carolina HIV case surveillance data to 3 statewide healthcare databases.

Trends in Mortality Among Females in the United States, 1900-2010: Progress and Challenges.

Introduction: We analyzed trends in US female mortality rates by decade from 1900 through 2010, assessed age and racial differences, and proposed explanations and considered implications.

Methods: We conducted a descriptive study of trends in mortality rates from major causes of death for females in the United States from 1900 through 2010. We analyzed all-cause unadjusted death rates (UDRs) for males and females and for white and nonwhite males and females from 1900 through 2010.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Chlamydia, and Gonorrhea Testing in New York Medicaid-Enrolled Adolescents.

Background: Although growing public health efforts have been expended on increasing adolescents' access to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, little is known about the current utilization of those services in clinical settings.

Methods: Using 2010 to 2012 New York State Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Medicaid Analytic eXtract data, we estimated the annual percentage of 13- to 19-year-olds who were tested for HIV, chlamydia (CT), and gonorrhea (GC). A regression analysis was performed to identify factors independently associated with testing utilization.

Impact of Increasing Coverage for Select Smoking Cessation Therapies With no Out-of-Pocket Cost Among the Medicaid Population in Alabama, Georgia, and Maine.

Prevalence of smoking is particularly high among individuals with low socioeconomic status and who may be receiving Medicaid benefits. This study evaluates the public health and economic impact of providing coverage for nicotine replacement therapy with no out-of-pocket cost to the adult Medicaid population in Alabama, Georgia, and Maine, in 2012. We estimated the increase in the number of quitters and the savings in Medicaid medical expenditures associated with expanding Medicaid coverage of nicotine replacement therapy to the entire adult Medicaid population in the 3 states.

Apolipoprotein E and protection against hepatitis E viral infection in American non-Hispanic blacks.

Unlabelled: Hepatitis E viral (HEV) infection imposes a heavy health burden worldwide and is common in the United States. Previous investigations of risks addressed environmental and host behavioral/lifestyle factors, but host genetic factors have not been examined. We assessed strength of associations between antibody to HEV (anti-HEV) immunoglobulin G seropositivity indicating past or recent HEV infection and human genetic variants among three major racial/ethnic populations in the United States, involving 2434 non-Hispanic whites, 1919 non-Hispanic blacks, and 1919 Mexican Americans from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1991-1994.

Vital signs: leading causes of death, prevalence of diseases and risk factors, and use of health services among Hispanics in the United States - 2009-2013.

Background: Hispanics and Latinos (Hispanics) are estimated to represent 17.7% of the U.S.

Trends in Disparity by Sex and Race/Ethnicity for the Leading Causes of Death in the United States-1999-2010.

Context: Temporal trends in disparities in the leading causes of death within and between US demographic subgroups indicate the need for and success of interventions to prevent premature death in vulnerable populations. Studies that report recent trends are limited and outdated.

Objective: To describe temporal trends in disparities in death rates by sex and race/ethnicity for the 10 leading causes of death in the United States during 1999-2010.

A Review of Tools to Calculate the Cost of Health Conditions and Common Health Risk Factors.

A cost calculator is a software tool that calculates the monetary cost associated with a disease, condition, or risk factor within a population group. We attempted to identify all available public health cost calculators using adapted systematic review methodology and performed a qualitative and a quantitative review on each included calculator. We first abstracted each calculator to ascertain its subject, target user, methodology, and output.

Differences in healthy life expectancy for the US population by sex, race/ethnicity and geographic region: 2008.

Background: Healthy life expectancy (HLE) varies among demographic segments of the US population and by geography. To quantify that variation, we estimated the national and regional HLE for the US population by sex, race/ethnicity and geographic region in 2008.

Methods: National HLEs were calculated using the published 2008 life table and the self-reported health status data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).