Intravenous Infiltration Risk by Catheter Dwell Time Among Hospitalized Children.

Purpose: This study was aimed to examine the cumulative risk for infiltration over IV catheter dwell time by general or catheterization-specific characteristics of pediatric patients with IV therapy.

Design And Methods: This secondary data analysis was done with the data of 1596 children who received peripheral IV therapy at least once during their hospital stay between August 1st and October 30th, 2011 and in June, 2013 in an academic medical center, Yangsan, Republic of Korea. The survival functions of infiltration were determined by using the Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Fabrication of photonic devices directly written within glass using a femtosecond laser.

We present a novel method for three-dimensional optical splitter that have U-grooves, which are used for fiber alignment, within a fused silica glass using near-IR femtosecond laser pulses. The fiber aligned optical splitter has a low insertion loss, less than 4 dB, including an intrinsic splitting loss of 3 dB and excess loss due to the passive alignment of a single-mode fiber. The output field pattern is presented, demonstrating the splitting ratio of the optical splitter is approximately 1:1.