Effects of interface-engineering on the internal structure and reflective characteristics of Cr/Sc multilayer mirrors.

Record reflectivity's of R=23.8% at 3.14 nm and R=30.

The diamond-silicon carbide composite Skeleton as a promising material for substrates of intense X-ray beam optics.

The paper considers the possibility of using the diamond-silicon carbide composite Skeleton with a technological coating of polycrystalline silicon as a substrate for X-ray mirrors used with powerful synchrotron radiation sources (third+ and fourth generation). Samples were studied after polishing to provide the following surface parameters: root-mean-square flatness ≃ 50 nm, micro-roughness on the frame 2 µm × 2 µm σ ≃ 0.15 nm.

Soft X-ray Microscopy in Cell Biology: Current Status, Contributions and Prospects.

The recent advances achieved in microscopy technology have led to a significant breakthrough in biological research. Super-resolution fluorescent microscopy now allows us to visualize subcellular structures down to the pin-pointing of the single molecules in them, while modern electron microscopy has opened new possibilities in the study of protein complexes in their native, intracellular environment at near-atomic resolution. Nonetheless, both fluorescent and electron microscopy have remained beset by their principal shortcomings: the reliance on labeling procedures and severe sample volume limitations, respectively.

EUV telescope for a Cubesat nanosatellite.

This paper describes in detail a compact (2U format) telescope operating in the extreme ultraviolet range for studying the solar corona at a wavelength of 17.14 nm. The telescope objective has been built according to the Ritchey-Chrétien scheme with the following parameters: effective focal length of 381.

Tumour adaptation to immune factors: old and new ideas for cancer immunotherapy.

The tumour is fully functional in the zone of action of immune mediators. Moreover, the tumour needs immune system mediators to survive. "Adaptation" refers to a tumour's ability to withstand the effect of harmful elements.

Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) of HIV among adults.

In the last several decades, postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) with antiretroviral therapy (ART) has become an effective tool for the prevention of HIV transmission. The continuous evolution of antiretrovirals and the associated update of clinical practice guidelines create a challenge for NPs caring for patients exposed to HIV. Understanding the life cycle of HIV is of paramount importance in streamlining treatment regimens in exposed individuals.

Axisymmetric surface shape correction of optical elements by a wide-aperture ion beam.

Methods for calculating the process of axisymmetric surface shape correction with a wide-aperture ion beam through a forming diaphragm for optical elements with a round and arbitrary border shape are presented. In the case of circular optical elements, an approach based on the separation of the axisymmetric component of the surface shape error from its decomposition by Zernike polynomials is used. In the case of optical elements with an arbitrary border shape (not round), an algorithm for searching the axisymmetric component of the shape error is proposed.

High-aperture EUV microscope using multilayer mirrors and a 3D reconstruction algorithm based on z-tomography.

The article is devoted to the development of an EUV microscope using a wavelength of 13.84 nm. Due to the use of a mirror lens with a large numerical aperture, NA = 0.

High-aperture low-coherence interferometer with a diffraction reference wave.

A high-aperture low-coherence interferometer with a diffraction reference wave based on a tipped single-mode optical fiber was proposed and investigated. Due to the usage of the central least-aberrated region of the diffracted wavefront, the interferometer comprise record working aperture among known PDIs. The interferometer makes it possible to study samples with a reflectance that varies over a wide range.

GO Nanosheets: Promising Nano Carrier for the S29, 1-(2-Chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl-ethyl)--(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidin-4-amine, Therapeutic Agent in Neuroblastoma.

Graphene oxide (GO) derivatives are reported as a valid alternative to conventional carriers of therapeutic agents, because they have a large surface area, an excellent electrical and thermal conductivity and a great capacity for selective binding of drugs and therapeutics, due to the functionalization of their surfaces, edges and sides. In this work GO nanosheets, synthesized by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite (patent N 102015000023739, Tor Vergata University), were investigated as possible carriers of an anticancer drug, the S29, an inhibitor of a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase (c-SRC) on a neuroblastoma cell line (SK N BE 2 cells). Neuroblastoma is a heterogenous tumor whose characteristics range from spontaneous regression to aggressive phenotypes that are due to different mutations that often occur in SRC family kinases.

High-resolution laboratory reflectometer for the study of x-ray optical elements in the soft and extreme ultraviolet wavelength ranges.

A high-resolution laboratory reflectometer designed for operation in the soft x-ray (SXR) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) ranges is described. High spectral resolution, up to 0.028 nm, in a wide spectral range is achieved due to the Czerny-Turner monochromator.

Cancer immunotherapy through the prism of adaptation: Will Achilles catch the tortoise?

There is no secret that despite the rapid development of new methods of cancer therapy, we still are not able to completely destroy the tumor. Every time we attack the tumor, the tumor neutralizes our attempts. Carcinogenesis can be presented as a tree whose branches are different pro-tumor mechanisms and whose trunk is a biological phenomenon that "feeds" those branches.

[Growing of murine tooth in situ by homotopic transplantation of embryonic germ].

Tissue engineering offers to restore the lost tooth using a biological analogue grown from the tooth germ. These technologies provide long-term cultivation of the germ in bioreactor in vitro. The subsequent transfer and growth of the in vitro grown tooth in the jaw is hampered by difficulty of integration of the new tooth with the host tissue.

A method of z-tomography using high-aperture soft X-ray microscopy.

Multilayer normal-incidence mirrors allow the numerical aperture (NA=0.3-0.5) of a projection lens to be significantly increased in the spectral ranges of the water (λ = 2.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation of esophageal mucosa under different.

The review presents modern data on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammatory changes of esophageal mucosa exposed to different types of reluctate (gastric, biliary or duodenal/mixed). The authors describe data on key mediators of inflammation in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and their major cellular sources, changes of the immune profile of patients. Discusses the possible impact of changes in the cellular and molecular components in the development of the inflammatory response in the esophagus on the clinical features of GERD and its therapy-refractory forms.

Features of the functional activity of macrophage link of immunity with gastroesophageal reflux disease depending on the type of reluctate: in vitro model.

Aim: A generalized analysis of changes in functional activity of macrophages on the basis of phagocytic activity, cytokine profile, changes in the level of expression of surface markers characteristic of pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype of the cells when exposed to reluctate.

Materials And Methods: Developed in vitro model of co-peritoneal macrophages of mice With57/BL6 (n=65) and reluctate patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD; n=65) having different pH values (three group comparison). Took into account the standard criteria phagocytic ability (absorption Staphylococcus aureus 9198, light microscopy), secretory activity (cytokine profile Th1/Th2, flow cytometry) and receptor characterization of macrophages (expression of CD25/80/163/206, flow cytometry).

[Cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation of esophageal mucosa under different clinical course of gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications].

The review presents modern data on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammatory changes of esophageal mucosa exposed to different types of reluctate (gastric, biliary or duodenal/mixed). The authors describe data on key mediators of inflammation in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and their major cellular sources, changes of the immune profile of patients. Discusses the possible impact of changes in the cellular and molecular components in the development of the inflammatory response in the esophagus on the clinical features of GERD and its therapy-refractory forms.

[Reprogrammed M1 macrophages with inhibited STAT3, STAT6 and/or SMAD3 extends lifespan of mice with experimental carcinoma].

Objective. Reprogramming of M1 macrophage phenotype with inhibited M2 phenotype transcription factors, such as STAT3, STAT6 and SMAD and assess their impact on the development of Ehrlich carcinoma (EC) in vitro and in vivo. Methods.

M3 Macrophages Stop Division of Tumor Cells In Vitro and Extend Survival of Mice with Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND M1 macrophages target tumor cells. However, many tumors produce anti-inflammatory cytokines, which reprogram the anti-tumor M1 macrophages into the pro-tumor M2 macrophages. We have hypothesized that the problem of pro-tumor macrophage reprogramming could be solved by using a special M3 switch phenotype.

Effects of Phenotype of Retinal Macrophages on the Features of Angiogenesis of Murine Retina.

The period of forming of superficial vascular plexus during physiological retinal angiogenesis was shorter in C57Bl/6 mice. Experiments on the model of oxygen-induced retinopathy showed that avascular and vascularized zones in BALB/c mice on day 17 are smaller than in C57Bl/6 mice are by 5 and 1.5 times, respectively.

Reflective Schmidt-Cassegrain system for large-aperture telescopes.

A reflective modification of the Schmidt-Cassegrain system was built and tested. Ultraviolet (UV) and soft x-ray applications are discussed. The system consists of a planoid mirror with an aspheric profile and prime concave and secondary convex spherical mirrors.

[Effect of adaptation to hypoxia on expression of NO synthase isoforms in rat myocardium].

Previously we have shown that adaptation to hypoxia (AH) is cardio- and vasoprotective in myocardial ischemic and reperfusion injury and this protection is associated with restriction of nitrosative stress. The present study was focused on further elucidation of NO-dependent mechanisms of AH by identifying specific NO synthases (NOS) that could play the major role in AH protection. AH was performed in a normobaric hypoxic chamber by breathing hypoxic gas mixture (9.

[Epigenetic, post-transcriptional and metabolic mechanisms of macrophage reprogramming].

A key role in the ability of immunity to adequately respond to pathogenic factors play macrophages. Depending on the type of infection and the microenvironment macrophages can rapidly change their phenotype towards the proinflammatory M1 or antiinflammatory M2 one. The process of changing the cell phenotype is termed "reprogramming".