The Brain of an Outstanding Scientist-Inventor: Structural Organization of Area 10 of the Frontal Cortex.

We studied structural organization of cortical area 10 of the prefrontal cortex in the left and right hemispheres of the brain of an outstanding scientist and inventor (age 78 years). To this end, continuous series of 20-μm Nissl-stained frontal slices were compared with cortex sections of the same area from senile men (control group). It was found that the cytoarchitectonic organization of the cortical area 10 of the prefrontal cortex of the brain of an outstanding scientist-inventor is characterized by more pronounced vertical striation, greater thickness of the cortex and association layer III, higher density and size of pyramid neurons and higher density of satellite glia.

[Gender-related peculiarities of cytoarchitecture of speech-motor fields 44 and 45].

Cytoarchitecture of brain speech-motor fields 44 and 45 was studied in 5 adult men and 5 women. The width of the cortex and its layers, the profile field area of layer III and V neurons, the numerical density of layer III neurons in area 45, and the numerical density of satellite gliocytes and neurons surrounded by them, were measured in 20 microm thick total frontal sections, stained with cresyl violet. Both in men and women, the tendency for the left hemisphere dominance was detected for the values of the number of the cytoarchitectural indices, including the width of the associative layer III, the value of the profile field area of the neurons of this layer, the increased frequency of large and super large neurons.

[Differences in cytoarchitecture of speech-motor areas of the cerebral cortex between men and women].

Cerebral cortex cytoarchitecture of speech-motor areas 44 and 45 in the left and right hemispheres of brain of men and women has been studied. Series of frontal sections stained with cresyl violet using Nissl's method have been investigated. In layer III, the surface of profile area of neurons, its width and the width of the whole cortex diameter have been measured.

Individual variability in the cytoarchitectonics of anterior limbic field 24 in the human brain.

The aim of the present work was to identify the main cytoarchitectonic characteristics of individual variability in anterior limbic field 24 in the left and right hemispheres of the human brain using state-of-the-art morphometric analysis methods. Computerized morphometric analysis was used to measure neuron profile areas in layers III and V of subfield 24c of the anterior limbic area of the cortex of the human brain, with assessment of the percentage composition of neurons in terms of this parameter, along with the total neuron fraction (proportion of microscope field occupied by neurons). These studies demonstrated significant individual variability in these characteristics, with asymmetry in the left and right hemispheres.

[Individual variability of the cytoarchitecture of human brain anterior limbic area 24].

The aim of this research was to detect the major cytoarchitectonical features of individual variability in anterior limbic area 24 in the left and right hemispheres of human brain, using the modern morphometric analysis methods. With the aid of DiaMorph (Russia) software-hardware complex, the neuron profile field area was measured, the percentage of neurons of each dimensional class was calculated, and the total fraction of neurons in layers III and V of subarea 24 in the anterior limbic region of human cortex was defined. A considerable individual variability of these characteristics and the asymmetry of their values between the left and right brain hemispheres were detected.

No postnatal doubling of number of neurons in human Broca's areas (Brodmann areas 44 and 45)? A stereological study.

In this study we explored whether a postnatal doubling of the total number of neurons occurs in the human Brodmann areas 44 and 45 (Broca's area). We describe the most recent error prediction formulae and their application for the modern stereological estimators for volume and number of neurons. We estimated the number of neurons in 3D optical disector probes systematically random sampled throughout the entire Brodmann areas (BA) 44 and 45 in developing and young adult cases.

[Basic principles of structural asymmetry of cortex formations in the human brain].

Studying the cytoarchitectonical asymmetry of human brain cortex requires using the new approaches and modern quantitative methods. One of the promising ways is analyzing relation between the macroscopic and neuronal structure of the brain. The present article contains original data of histological and morphological studies.

Variability in the structure of field 39 of the lower parietal area of the cortex in the left and right hemispheres of adult human brains.

The cytoarchitectonics of field 39 of the lower parietal area of the cortex in the left and right hemispheres were studied in normal individuals and professionally gifted world-famous people. Series of frontal sections were studied, stained by the Nissl cresyl violet method. The profile area of neurons was measured in layers III and V and the distribution of neurons in terms of this property was analyzed.

[Variability of the structure of area 39 of inferior parietal cortex in the left and right hemispheres of adult human brain].

The cytoarchitecture of area 39 of inferior parietal cortex region in the left and right cerebral hemispheres was studied in usual individuals and in professionally gifted world-famed people. The series of frontal sections, stained using Nissl cresyl violet method, were examined. The profile areas of neurons in cortical layers III and V were measured and their distributions were analyzed.

[Peculiarities of the structure of the speech-motor cortex of the brain frontal lobe in a deaf-mute child].

The aim of present investigation was the study of the cytoarchitecture of the motor-speech areas 44 and 45 of the brain cortex of a 4-year-old deaf-mute child. We have also compared cytoarchitecture of the motor-speech zone of the brain cortex in a deaf-mute child with the same brain region in a normal child of a similar age. Series of 20 mm-thick frontal sections stained with cresyl violet were studied using morphometric methods.

[The developmental characteristics of speech-motor areas 44 and 45 in the left and right hemispheres of the human brain in early postnatal development].

Cytoarchitecture of speech areas 44 and 45 of human brain was studied on frontal series of sections of brain of a newborn, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years old child. Sections were stained with cresyl violet after Nissl. Density of neurons and gliocytes location as well as fraction of satellite gliocytes and surrounded by the latter, glia index were determined by quantitative methods.

[Structural asymmetry of cortical areas 44 and 45 in brain of newborns].

Peculiarities of topography, structure and length of sulci and gyri in left and right hemisphere frontal areas were studied in newborns. Peculiarities of cytoarchitectonics of speech areas 44 and 45 were described in left and right hemisphere of neonatal brain. Differences in the extent of neuron radial orientation and thickness of the cortex especially of layer III were defined.

[Interactions in the system of copper ion-azalide (azithromycin)].

Interactions in the bio-inorganic systems of the copper ions and azalide (azithromycin) were analyzed by spectroscopic methods (atom-absorption spectroscopy, IR and UV spectrometry in the visible spectrum) and electrochemical methods (potentiometry). The system samples within molar ratios of the metal ion and ligand of 10:1 to 1:10 and wide pH ranges were tested. Formation of a compound consisting of the metal ion and ligand at a ratio of 1:1 was detected.

[The problem of the individual variability of the human brain].

Series of frontal sections, 20 microns thick, were used to study the individual cytoglio-architectonic features of fields 8.8, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47 of the caudate nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, Meynert's nucleus in 12 persons aged 29 to 89 years. The profile fields of neurons, their density and the density of gliocytes, including perineuronal ones were measured by computed morphometry, the cellular composition was determined from size of neurons, as well as the neuroglial and neuroperineuronal indices were defined.

[Various patterns in structural changes in the cortex and subcortical structures of the human brain during the aging process].

The authors examined the structural organization of cortical and subcortical formations (fields 4, 6, 8, 44, 47, 39, the head of the caudate nucleus and thalamic nuclei) of the right and left hemispheres of the brain of 6 mentally normal subjects aged 30 to 90 years. In sections 20 millimicron thick and stained by Nissl's method the authors measured the density of neurons in subcortical nuclei, in layers III and V of the cortical fields, as well as the number of neurons containing lipofuscin. The identified characteristics indicate heterochronicity of the process of ageing in different portions of the brain: motor and, particularly, cortical structures are involved in this process earlier and more intensively than others.

[Morphologic criteria of the structural asymmetry of the cortical and subcortical structures of the human brain].

Using a cytoarchitectonic and quantitative methods, the authors investigated the structural organization of Fields 4, 6, 8, 39, 40, 43, 46, 47, caudate and dorsomedial nuclei of the tuber cinereum in the right and the left cerebral hemispheres in a grown-up right-handed man. With the help of electron computers definite parameters of neurons in the cortex (layers III and V) and in the subcortical nuclei were determined. The material obtained was statistically processed.

[Morphological criteria of the individual variability of the human brain].

Structural organization of the layers III and V in the cortical fields (speech area, motoring, frontal inferior parietal) of the cerebral hemispheres and the nucleus caudatus have been quantitatively studied in 4 human beings. By means of a computer, area of profile fields of neurons, total volume of all the neurons and glyocytes in the histological section (total volumetric fraction of the neurons and glia) have been calculated, as well as percentage of the neurons having various size. The material is statistically treated.

[Structural organization of the cetacean neocortex].

As a result of investigation on architectonics of structural organization of the brain neocortex in dolphin, frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital regions, as well as certain fields were distinguished. Monotonous character and incomplete stratification of the neocortical lamina, lack of clear border line and similarity with interstitial formations demonstrate symbolic meaning of the word neocortex as it is applied to the cetacean brain. Therefore, the term preneocortex is suggested for the dolphin brain.

[The sterologic method of determining the surface area of the mammalian neocortex].

A method for calculation of the square surface area of the cerebral cortex is proposed which represents a combination of the method of averaged reconstruction after a continuous series of histological sections and the stereological method of determination of the length of any curve disposed on the surface. A comparative analysis of the proposed method with curvometrical and stereological (after Hennig's formula) method used earlier for this purpose is made taking as an example the calculation of the neocortex square surface area of some mammals. The results of calculation of the surface by the proposed method were found to coincide with curvometrical data within the range of 5% while the data obtained by stereological method of determination of the absolute square surface area differ from curvometrical data by more than 22%.