Deep brain stimulation in a pediatric dystonia patient with cochlear implants and mitochondrial disorder: novel application of a frameless stereotactic system and navigating the anesthesia choice and neurosurgical complexities. Illustrative case.

Background: This report presents a case of medically refractory dystonia in a pediatric patient successfully treated with bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) while under general anesthesia by using microelectrode recordings (MERs) with intraoperative computed tomography (CT).

Observations: The patient was an 18-year-old female with primary dystonia secondary to mitochondrial Leigh syndrome. Her past medical history was significant for complex partial epilepsy and hearing loss treated with cochlear implants.

Where are sleeves performed? An analysis of inpatient versus outpatient databases in a large state.

Background: The sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most common bariatric surgery in the United States today. There is a trend toward performing SG as an outpatient procedure, either in an ambulatory setting or as an outpatient at a larger hospital. The term "outpatient" is used to designate essentially any patient without an inpatient order.