New and Interesting Fungi. 6.

Three new genera, six new species, three combinations, six epitypes, and 25 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. New genera: (based on ), and (based on ). New species: (from cooling pad water, USA, (on dead wood of sp.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 1383-1435.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: , , and on soil, from stem cankers of , from stem of , and from leaves of , as endophyte from roots of , from stem of , from leaves of × and from roots of , from intertidal wood and (incl. gen. nov.

diversity in Canadian bat caves, including a new species, .

species were commonly isolated during a fungal survey of bat hibernacula in New Brunswick and Quebec, Canada. Strains were isolated from arthropods, bats, rodents (. the deer mouse ), their dung, and cave walls.

Fifteen new species of Penicillium.

We introduce 15 new species of Penicillium isolated from a diverse range of locations, including Canada, Costa Rica, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, Tanzania, USA and the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, from a variety of habitats, including leaf surfaces in tropical rain forests, soil eaten by chimpanzees, infrabuccal pockets of carpenter ants, intestinal contents of caterpillars and soil. The new species are classified in sections Aspergilloides (1), Canescentia (2), Charlesia (1), Exilicaulis (3), Lanata-Divaricata (7) and Stolkia (1). Each is characterised and described using classical morphology, LC-MS based extrolite analyses and multigene phylogenies based on ITS, BenA and CaM.

Ectomycota Associated with Arthropods from Bat Hibernacula in Eastern Canada, with Particular Reference to Pseudogymnoasucs destructans.

The introduction of Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd) to North America, agent of white-nose syndrome in hibernating bats, has increased interest in fungi from underground habitats. While bats are assumed to be the main vector transmitting Pd cave-to-cave, the role of other fauna is unexplored. We documented the fungi associated with over-wintering arthropods in Pd-positive hibernacula, including sites where bats had been recently extirpated or near-extirpated, to determine if arthropods carried Pd, and to compare fungal assemblages on arthropods to bats.

Quantifying Hg within ectomycorrhizal fruiting bodies, from emergence to senescence.

Ectomycorrhizal fruiting bodies (basidiomata) collected from forested areas in southwestern New Brunswick were analyzed for total mercury, sulphur, nitrogen, and carbon concentrations (THg, TS, TN, and TC, respectively). This analysis was done for caps and stalks and by development stage (emergent, mature, senescent) across 27 species associated with five classes, eight families, and 13 genera. Across the species, THg correlated positively with TN and TS, thereby implying N as well as S mitigated transfer of Hg from the mycelia into the basidiomata, with THg ranging from 3 to 10 457 ppb.

A multi-gene phylogeny for Stachybotrys evidences lack of trichodiene synthase (tri5) gene for isolates of one of three intrageneric lineages.

Members of the mitosporic fungal form-genus Stachybotrys, including common indoor contaminants Stachybotrys chartarum, Stachybotrys echinata and Stachybotrys chlorohalonata, are capable of producing potent, protein synthesis-inhibiting, trichothecene mycotoxins. A combined multi-gene approach was used to investigate relationships among species of Stachybotrys against which the presence/absence of the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway gene, trichodiene synthase (tri5), was evaluated. Phylogenetic analyses partitioned species of Stachybotrys into three strongly supported lineages, two of which contained common indoor taxa.

Communiols E-H: new polyketide metabolites from the coprophilous fungus Podospora communis.

Communiols E-H (1-4), four new polyketide-derived natural products containing furanocyclopentane, furanocyclopentene, cyclopentene, or gamma-lactone moieties, have been isolated from two geographically distinct isolates of the coprophilous fungus Podospora communis. The structures of these compounds were determined by analysis of NMR and MS data.

Genotypic variation in Penicillium chysogenum from indoor environments.

We examined 198 isolates of P. chysogenum recovered from 109 houses in Wallaceburg, Ontario, and 25 culture collection isolates including seven ex-type strains. Multilocus genotypes were determined by heteroduplex mobility assay of regions spanning introns in acetyl co-enzyme A synthase, beta-tubulin, thioredoxin reductase and the internal transcribed spacer regions of the nuclear ribosomal subrepeat.

Decipinin A and decipienolides A and B: new bioactive metabolites from the coprophilous fungus Podospora decipiens.

Decipinin A (1), a new compound with antifungal and antibacterial activity, has been isolated from liquid cultures of the coprophilous fungus Podospora decipiens (JS 270). Two new tetracyclic sesquiterpene lactones, decipienolides A (2) and B (3), were also obtained from this isolate as an inseparable mixture of epimers that showed antibacterial activity. The structures of 1-3 were elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data, aided by chemical shift comparisons to related compounds.

Bombardolides: new antifungal and antibacterial gamma-lactones from the coprophilous fungus Bombardioidea anartia.

Chemical studies of organic extracts from cultures of the coprophilous fungus Bombardioidea anartia have led to the discovery of bombardolides A--D (1--4), a series of new antifungal and antibacterial metabolites. Three of these metabolites (1--3) were obtained as inseparable pairs of geometric isomers. A new 3-substituted phenol (5) and the known compound asterriquinone B4 were also encountered.

The origin of the attine ant-fungus mutualism.

Cultivation of fungus for food originated about 45-65 million years ago in the ancestor of fungus-growing ants (Formicidae, tribe Attini), representing an evolutionary transition from the life of a hunter-gatherer of arthropod prey, nectar, and other plant juices, to the life of a farmer subsisting on cultivated fungi. Seven hypotheses have been suggested for the origin of attine fungiculture, each differing with respect to the substrate used by the ancestral attine ants for fungal cultivation. Phylogenetic information on the cultivated fungi, in conjunction with information on the nesting biology of extant attine ants and their presumed closest relatives, reveal that the attine ancestors probably did not encounter their cultivars-to-be in seed stores (von Ihering 1894), in rotting wood (Forel 1902), as mycorrhizae (Garling 1979), on arthropod corpses (von Ihering 1894) or ant faeces in nest middens (Wheeler 1907).

Pseudodestruxins A and B: new cyclic depsipeptides from the coprophilous fungus Nigrosabulum globosum.

Pseudodestruxins A (1) and B (2), two new cyclic peptides, have been isolated from cultures of the coprophilous fungus Nigrosabulum globosum. The structure of pseudodestruxin A (1) was elucidated using 2D NMR techniques and confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The structure of 2 was assigned by comparing its NMR and FABMS data with those of compound 1.

The biofiltration of indoor air: implications for air quality.

An alternative method of maintaining indoor air quality may be through the biofiltration of air recirculating within the structure rather than the traditional approach of ventilation. This approach is currently being investigated. Prior to its acceptance for dealing with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CO2, efforts were made to determine whether the incorporation of this amount of biomass into the indoor space can have an (negative) impact on indoor air quality.

The agricultural pathology of ant fungus gardens.

Gardens of fungus-growing ants (Formicidae: Attini) traditionally have been thought to be free of microbial parasites, with the fungal mutualist maintained in nearly pure "monocultures." We conducted extensive isolations of "alien" (nonmutualistic) fungi from ant gardens of a phylogenetically representative collection of attine ants. Contrary to the long-standing assumption that gardens are maintained free of microbial pathogens and parasites, they are in fact host to specialized parasites that are only known from attine gardens and that are found in most attine nests.

Sporovexins A-C and a new preussomerin analog: antibacterial and antifungal metabolites from the coprophilous fungus Sporormiella vexans.

Sporovexins A-C (1-3) and 3'-O-desmethyl-1-epipreussomerin C (4) have been isolated from liquid cultures of the coprophilous fungus Sporormiella vexans (JS 306). The structures of these new metabolites were elucidated on the basis of MS and NMR analysis. Compounds 1 and 4 show antifungal activity against competitor fungi, as well as antibacterial effects.

Arugosin F: a new antifungal metabolite from the coprophilous fungus Ascodesmis sphaerospora.

Chemical studies of the coprophilous fungus Ascodesmis sphaerospora (JS 247) have led to the isolation of arugosin F (1), a new antifungal and antibacterial metabolite. The structure was determined based on NMR and MS data and on comparison with data for known members of the arugosin class. A known xanthone (2) was also isolated.

Anserinones A and B: new antifungal and antibacterial benzoquinones from the coprophilous fungus Podospora anserina.

Two new benzoquinones with antifungal, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities have been isolated from liquid cultures of the coprophilous fungus Podospora anserina. The structures of anserinones A (1) and B (2) were assigned on the basis of MS and NMR results, and the absolute stereochemistry of 2 was deduced by analysis of 1H-NMR data for its (R)- and (S)-2-phenylbutyryl ester derivatives.

Cercophorins A-C: novel antifungal and cytotoxic metabolites from the coprophilous fungus Cercophora areolata.

Cercophorins A-C (3-5), three novel isocoumarin derivatives with antifungal and cytotoxic activities, have been isolated from the coprophilous fungus Cercophora areolata (JS 166 = UAMH 7495), a colonist of porcupine dung. Two additional new isocoumarins, decarboxy-citrinone (1) and 4-acetyl-8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-5-methylisocoumarin (2), and a known tricothecene mycotoxin, roridin E (6), were also obtained from this species. Compounds 1-6 were isolated from ethyl acetate extracts of mycelia and liquid cultures of C.

Polytolypin, a new antifungal triterpenoid from the coprophilous fungus Polytolypa hystricis.

Polytolypin [1], a new pentacyclic triterpenoid exhibiting antifungal and antibiotic activity, has been isolated from cultures of Polytolypa hystricis (JS189), a fungal colonist of porcupine dung. Two known compounds [2 and 3] were also isolated. Polytolypin was obtained by chromatographic fractionation of the EtOAc extract of P.

Terezines A-D: new amino acid-derived bioactive metabolites from the coprophilous fungus Sporormiella teretispora.

Four new antifungal compounds, terezines A-D [1-4], have been isolated from liquid cultures of the coprophilous fungus Sporormiella teretispora by preparative tlc and hplc. The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of nmr and ms data. The known fungal metabolite hyalopyrone [6] was also isolated from S.

Apiosporamide, a new antifungal agent from the coprophilous fungus Apiospora montagnei.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of an EtOAc extract from the mycelium of the coprophilous fungus Apiospora montagnei has furnished a new antifungal metabolite, named apiosporamide [1], and the known dihydroisocoumarin cis-(3R,4R)-4-hydroxymellein [4]. The structure of 1 was assigned on the basis of HMBC, HMQC, NOESY, and hrms data. Elucidation of the structure was complicated by the fact that several nmr signals appeared only under certain conditions.

Appenolides A-C: three new antifungal furanones from the coprophilous fungus Podospora appendiculata.

Appenolides A [1], B [2], and C [3], three new antifungal 2(5H)-furanones, have been isolated from liquid cultures of the coprophilous fungus Podospora appendiculata (UAMH 7225) by repeated preparative tlc on Si gel. The structures were assigned on the basis of nmr and ms data.

Nitrogen metabolism in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor (R. Mre.) Orton.

Blended colonies of the ectomycorrhizal fungus, Laccaria bicolor (R. Mre.) Orton, grew axenically as a suspension of fine hyphae in a defined buffered medium with glucose (doubling time 1-2 d) but not acetate as the carbon source, and either ammonium or nitrate as nitrogen sources.