Laterally confined growth of cells induces nuclear reprogramming in the absence of exogenous biochemical factors.

Cells in tissues undergo transdifferentiation programs when stimulated by specific mechanical and biochemical signals. While seminal studies have demonstrated that exogenous biochemical factors can reprogram somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells, the critical roles played by mechanical signals in such reprogramming process have not been well documented. In this paper, we show that laterally confined growth of fibroblasts on micropatterned substrates induces nuclear reprogramming with high efficiency in the absence of any exogenous reprogramming factors.

Network analysis identifies chromosome intermingling regions as regulatory hotspots for transcription.

The 3D structure of the genome plays a key role in regulatory control of the cell. Experimental methods such as high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) have been developed to probe the 3D structure of the genome. However, it remains a challenge to deduce from these data chromosome regions that are colocalized and coregulated.

Orientation and repositioning of chromosomes correlate with cell geometry-dependent gene expression.

Extracellular matrix signals from the microenvironment regulate gene expression patterns and cell behavior. Using a combination of experiments and geometric models, we demonstrate correlations between cell geometry, three-dimensional (3D) organization of chromosome territories, and gene expression. Fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments showed that micropatterned fibroblasts cultured on anisotropic versus isotropic substrates resulted in repositioning of specific chromosomes, which contained genes that were differentially regulated by cell geometries.

Coupling between chromosome intermingling and gene regulation during cellular differentiation.

In this article, we summarize current findings for the emergence of biophysical properties such as nuclear stiffness, chromatin compaction, chromosome positioning, and chromosome intermingling during stem cell differentiation, which eventually correlated with the changes of gene expression profiles during cellular differentiation. An overview is first provided to link stem cell differentiation with alterations in nuclear architecture, chromatin compaction, along with nuclear and chromatin dynamics. Further, we highlight the recent biophysical and molecular approaches, imaging methods and computational developments in characterizing transcription-related chromosome organization especially chromosome intermingling and nano-scale chromosomal contacts.

Chromosome intermingling-the physical basis of chromosome organization in differentiated cells.

Chromosome territories (CTs) in higher eukaryotes occupy tissue-specific non-random three-dimensional positions in the interphase nucleus. To understand the mechanisms underlying CT organization, we mapped CT position and transcriptional changes in undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells, during early onset of mouse ES cell differentiation and in terminally differentiated NIH3T3 cells. We found chromosome intermingling volume to be a reliable CT surface property, which can be used to define CT organization.

Purification, crystallization and diffraction studies of the methyltransferases BT_2972 and BVU_3255 from antibiotic-resistant pathogens of the genus Bacteroides from the human intestine.

The methyltransferases BT_2972 and BVU_3255 from two different Bacteroides species that are antibiotic-resistant pathogens from the human intestine were cloned, overexpressed and purified, yielding approximately 120 mg of each protein from 1 l culture. Apo BT_2972 and BVU_3255 and their complexes with S-adenosylmethionine or S-adenosylhomocysteine were crystallized in four different crystal forms using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. These crystals diffracted to resolutions ranging from 2.