Circumventing the Gastrointestinal Barrier for Oral Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins and Peptides (PPTS): Current Trends and Future Trajectories.

Therapeutic proteins and peptides (PPTs) have become one of the most important biological molecules for the management of many common and complex diseases due to their high specificity and high bioactivity. However, these biomolecules are mainly given by the hypodermic injection, which often leads to poor patient compliance due to the invasive nature of this route of administration. The oral route has been considered the most convenient and patient-friendly route for drug delivery relative to hypodermic injections.