Not All Orbitopathy Is Graves': Discussion of Cases and Review of Literature.

Introduction: Graves' orbitopathy is the extra thyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease and the most common cause of exophthalmos. It is also known as thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) as it occasionally occurs in euthyroid or hypothyroid patients with chronic thyroiditis. 5% of patients with Graves' orbitopathy can be euthyroid or hypothyroid as they have low titers of anti-thyrotropin-receptor antibodies, which are difficult to detect in some assays.

Risk factors predisposing to congenital heart defects.

Introduction: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is associated with multiple risk factors, consanguinity may be one such significant factor. The role of consanguinity in the etiology of CHD is supported by inbreeding studies, which demonstrate an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance of some congenital heart defects. This study was done to find out the risk factors for CHD.

Identification of antiplatelet and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory constituents in betel nut.

Objective: To investigate the possible mechanism and the compound(s) responsible for the antiplatelet and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effects of Areca catechu crude extract (Ac.Cr).

Methods: Aqueous-methanol (70%) was used for extraction of plant material (betel nut).

Pontine haemorrhage due to chondrosarcoma of the skull base.

A young adult presented with acute weakness of right side of body and slurring of speech. An initial brain CT scan showed a pontine haemorrhage, however MRI done a few days later revealed a mass in the left parapharyngeal space. Histopathology of the mass revealed that it was a chondrosarcoma.

Changing patterns and outcome of Dengue infection; report from a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.

Objective: To identify predictors of outcome in patients with Dengue Infections at a tertiary care hospital and to analyze that if pattern of Dengue infection is changing in the past two years.

Methods: We reviewed 225 cases of confirmed dengue virus infection. The diagnosis was confirmed by presence of IgM antibodies against Dengue by ELISA in addition to fever according to WHO criteria.

Encephalitis and myelitis associated with dengue viral infection clinical and neuroimaging features.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify clinical and neuroimaging features and outcome of patients with encephalitis and myelitis associated with dengue viral infection.

Patients And Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 225 cases of dengue viral infection. The diagnosis of dengue was confirmed by serology (presence of IgM antibodies).