Correction to: A randomised controlled trial of a mitochondrial therapeutic target for bipolar depression: mitochondrial agents, N-acetylcysteine, and placebo.

The original article [1] contained two minor errors.

Effect of stress gene-by-environment interactions on hippocampal volumes and cortisol secretion in adolescent girls.

Objective: Adolescence is a time of increased susceptibility to environmental stress and mood disorders, and girls are particularly at risk. Genes interacting with the environment (G × E) are implicated in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, hippocampal volume changes and risk or resilience to mood disorders. In this study, we assessed the effects of stress system G × E interactions on hippocampal volumes and cortisol secretion in adolescent girls.

The effects of childhood trauma on adolescent hippocampal subfields.

Objective: Mood disorders are more common among girls and typically emerge during adolescence. The precise reasons for this are unknown, but among the many mechanisms implicated are stress-induced hippocampal structural changes during this developmental stage. The hippocampus is a complex structure comprised of subfields that develop differentially and respond variably to stress and childhood adversity, both of which are risk factors for mood disorders.

Mixed States: Modelling and Management.

Our current conceptualisation of mixed states, defined as co-occurring manic and depressive symptoms, is unlikely to advance our knowledge or inform clinical practice. Episodes of mixed states can no longer be coded in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and the 'mixed features specifier' fails to capture the most common mixed state presentations. This reflects a lack of understanding of both the importance of mixed states and their underlying pathophysiology.

A randomised controlled trial of a mitochondrial therapeutic target for bipolar depression: mitochondrial agents, N-acetylcysteine, and placebo.

Background: A phasic dysregulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics may operate in bipolar disorder, increased in mania and decreased in depression. We aimed to examine efficacy of two add-on treatments in bipolar depression: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and NAC with a combination of nutraceutical agents that may increase mitochondrial biogenesis.

Methods: A three-arm 16-week, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, adjunctive to usual treatment, was conducted.

Treatment-resistant depression: problematic illness or a problem in our approach?

Treatment-resistant depression is widely defined as non-response to two 'adequate' courses of treatment. However, the definitions of treatment and depression are inconsistent reflecting gaps in our understanding. We argue that a failure to respond is often the result of administering inappropriate treatment, which occurs principally because of paradigm failure.

Depression.

Major depression is a common illness that severely limits psychosocial functioning and diminishes quality of life. In 2008, WHO ranked major depression as the third cause of burden of disease worldwide and projected that the disease will rank first by 2030. In practice, its detection, diagnosis, and management often pose challenges for clinicians because of its various presentations, unpredictable course and prognosis, and variable response to treatment.

Revising , Fifth Edition, criteria for the bipolar disorders: Phase I of the AREDOC project.

Objective: To derive new criteria sets for defining manic and hypomanic episodes (and thus for defining the bipolar I and II disorders), an international Task Force was assembled and termed AREDOC reflecting its role of Assessment, Revision and Evaluation of DSM and other Operational Criteria. This paper reports on the first phase of its deliberations and interim criteria recommendations.

Method: The first stage of the process consisted of reviewing , and recent International Classification of Diseases criteria, identifying their limitations and generating modified criteria sets for further in-depth consideration.

Amygdala Activation and Connectivity to Emotional Processing Distinguishes Asymptomatic Patients With Bipolar Disorders and Unipolar Depression.

Background: Mechanistically based neural markers, such as amygdala reactivity, offer one approach to addressing the challenges of differentiating bipolar and unipolar depressive disorders independently from mood state and acute symptoms. Although emotion-elicited amygdala reactivity has been found to distinguish patients with bipolar depression from patients with unipolar depression, it remains unknown whether this distinction is traitlike and present in the absence of an acutely depressed mood. We addressed this gap by investigating patients with bipolar disorder (BP) and unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) in remission.

Efficacy of adjunctive Garcinia mangostana Linn (mangosteen) pericarp for bipolar depression: study protocol for a proof-of-concept trial.

Objective: Bipolar depression is characterized by neurobiological features including perturbed oxidative biology, reduction in antioxidant levels, and a concomitant rise in oxidative stress markers. Bipolar depression manifests systemic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in brain growth factors. The depressive phase of the disorder is the most common and responds the least to conventional treatments.

Modelling mood disorders: An ACE solution?

Objectives: The treatment of mood disorders remains sub-optimal. A major reason for this is our lack of understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of depression and bipolar disorder. A core problem is the lack of specificity of our current diagnoses.

Treating depression with adjunctive antipsychotics.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of using adjunctive antipsychotics in patients with major depressive disorder.

Method: Studies published since the last Cochrane review conducted in 2010 were identified via a literature search of recognised databases, using the keywords "adjunct*", "augment*", "antipsychotic" and "depression", and systematically evaluated. A targeted review of relevant guidelines was undertaken.

Long-acting injectable antipsychotics as maintenance treatments for bipolar disorder-A critical review of the evidence.

Objectives: The maintenance phase of bipolar disorder is arguably the most important. The aim of management during this time is to maintain wellness and prevent future episodes of illness. Medication is often the mainstay of treatment during this phase, but adherence to treatment is a significant problem.