Parental behavior and child distress and pain during pediatric medical procedures: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

In this study review, the relationship between observed parental behavior and the observed symptoms of distress in pediatric patients, as well as the subjective experiences of pain in pediatric patients undergoing painful medical procedures, was analyzed. A systematic search of articles using PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane, and DARE was performed. The risk of bias and the level of evidence were assessed.

What Is the Structure of Time? A Study on Time Perspective in the United States, Poland, and Nigeria.

The aim of this article was to analyze the fit of the model of time perspective, measured by the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999), to data collected in three countries: the United States ( = 283), Poland ( = 510), and Nigeria ( = 357). Confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling, an expected parameter change and parallel analysis were used. The best-fitted model of time perspective was the one in the United States, and the least fitted model was the one in Nigeria.

While We Wait for Life, Life Passes: The Time Metaphors Questionnaire-Short Form.

The aim of the present study was to develop a short version of the Time Metaphors Questionnaire (TMQ; Sobol-Kwapinska & Nosal, 2009 ). The original TMQ consists of 95 items and was designed to measure time conceiving. Because completing the TMQ is very time-consuming, this research develops a short form of this questionnaire-Time Metaphors Questionnaire-Short Form (TMQ-SF).

On measuring time metaphors.

Referring to the 2005 article by Wittmann and Lehnhoff, the problem of using time metaphors for measuring awareness of time is posed. Starting from clarification of meaning, the Metaphors Slowness scale which was not homogeneous, an alternative interpretation of the result was proposed, given that metaphors refer to two separate aspects of time speed, an ongoing passage of time, and ex post reflection on passage of time that has already passed. The former refers to the judgment of an ongoing passage of time, and the latter to the judgment of passage of past time from a particular point in the past till now.