Correction: Podolska et al. Graphene Oxide Nanosheets for Localized Hyperthermia-Physicochemical Characterization, Biocompatibility, and Induction of Tumor Cell Death. 2020, , 776.

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IL-3: key orchestrator of inflammation.

Interleukin (IL)-3 has long been known for its hematopoietic properties. However, recent evidence has expanded our understanding of IL-3 function by identifying IL-3 as a critical orchestrator of inflammation in a wide array of diseases. Depending on the type of disease, the course of inflammation, the cell or the tissue involved, IL-3 promotes either pathologic inflammation or its resolution.

Exosomal ROR1 in peritoneal fluid identifies peritoneal disseminated PDAC and is associated with poor survival.

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest forms of cancer and peritoneal dissemination is one major cause for this poor prognosis. Exosomes have emerged as promising biomarkers for gastrointestinal cancers and can be found in all kinds of bodily fluids, also in peritoneal fluid (PF). This is a unique sample due to its closeness to gastrointestinal malignancies.

Interleukin-3 protects against viral pneumonia in sepsis by enhancing plasmacytoid dendritic cell recruitment into the lungs and T cell priming.

Rationale: Sepsis, a global health burden, is often complicated by viral infections leading to increased long-term morbidity and mortality. Interleukin-3 (IL-3) has been identified as an important mediator amplifying acute inflammation in sepsis; however, its function in the host response to viral infections during sepsis remains elusive.

Objectives: To investigate the role of IL-3 during viral pneumonia in sepsis.

Circulating Monocytes Serve as Novel Prognostic Biomarker in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patients.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) ranks among the most fatal cancer diseases, widely accepted to have the most dismal prognoses. Although immunotherapy has broadly revolutionized cancer treatment, its value in PDAC appears to be relatively low. Exhibiting protumoral effects, monocytes have recently been proposed as potential targets of such immunotherapeutic regimens.

Tumor Infiltration with CD20CD73 B Cells Correlates with Better Outcome in Colorectal Cancer.

Immunotherapy has become increasingly important in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). Currently, CD73, also known as ecto-5'-nucleotidase (NT5E), has gained considerable interest as a potential therapeutic target. CD73 is one of the key enzymes catalyzing the conversion of extracellular ATP into adenosine, which in turn exerts potent immune suppressive effects.

Pleural Resident Macrophages and Pleural IRA B Cells Promote Efficient Immunity Against Pneumonia by Inducing Early Pleural Space Inflammation.

Airway infection is a major cause of mortality worldwide. The identification of new mechanisms aiding in effective host immune response is therefore required. Here, we show that the specific depletion of the pleural immune cell compartment during bacterial pneumonia resulted in a reduced pulmonary immune response and increased mortality in mice.

Graphene-Induced Hyperthermia (GIHT) Combined With Radiotherapy Fosters Immunogenic Cell Death.

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the standard interventions for cancer patients, although cancer cells often develop radio- and/or chemoresistance. Hyperthermia reduces tumor resistance and induces immune responses resulting in a better prognosis. We have previously described a method to induce tumor cell death by local hyperthermia employing pegylated reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and near infrared light (graphene-induced hyperthermia, GIHT).

Interleukin-3 is a predictive marker for severity and outcome during SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a worldwide health threat. In a prospective multicentric study, we identify IL-3 as an independent prognostic marker for the outcome during SARS-CoV-2 infections. Specifically, low plasma IL-3 levels is associated with increased severity, viral load, and mortality during SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Graphene Oxide Nanosheets for Localized Hyperthermia-Physicochemical Characterization, Biocompatibility, and Induction of Tumor Cell Death.

Background: The main goals of cancer treatment are not only to eradicate the tumor itself but also to elicit a specific immune response that overcomes the resistance of tumor cells against chemo- and radiotherapies. Hyperthermia was demonstrated to chemo- and radio-sensitize cancerous cells. Many reports have confirmed the immunostimulatory effect of such multi-modal routines.

Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition).

These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical aspects of flow cytometry enabling immunologists to avoid the common errors that often undermine immunological data. Notably, there are comprehensive sections of all major immune cell types with helpful Tables detailing phenotypes in murine and human cells.

Treatment with DNases rescues hidden neutrophil elastase from aggregated NETs.

The release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is one of the weapons neutrophils have in their armory. NETs consist of extracellular chromatin fibers decorated with a plethora of cytoplasmic and granular proteins, such as the antimicrobial serine protease neutrophil elastase (NE). Because the first description of NETs as beneficial to the host, reports on their double-faced role in health and disease have considerably increased recently.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Initiate Gallstone Formation.

The presence of gallstones (cholelithiasis) is a highly prevalent and severe disease and one of the leading causes of hospital admissions worldwide. Due to its substantial health impact, we investigated the biological mechanisms that lead to the formation and growth of gallstones. We show that gallstone assembly essentially requires neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).

Frontline Science: Aggregated neutrophil extracellular traps prevent inflammation on the neutrophil-rich ocular surface.

Eye rheum is a physiological discharge, which accumulates at the medial angle of the healthy eye soon after opening in the morning. Microscopic evaluation of eye rheum revealed the presence of viable neutrophils, bacteria, epithelial cells, and particles, aggregated by neutrophil extracellular traps. We observed that in the evening, during eye closure, high C5a recruited neutrophils to the tear film and activated them.

Autoimmune, rheumatic, chronic inflammatory diseases: Neutrophil extracellular traps on parade.

Rheumatic diseases are a group of inflammatory conditions that affect joints and connective tissues and are often accompanied by pain and restriction of motility. In many of these diseases, autoantibodies develop that react with molecules/structures commonly found hidden in neutrophils. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and release is considered a defense mechanism against pathogens or endogenous danger signals and it has been associated with initial inflammatory responses.

A 17-kDa Fragment of Lactoferrin Associates With the Termination of Inflammation and Peptides Within Promote Resolution.

During the resolution of inflammation, macrophages engulf apoptotic polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and can accumulate large numbers of their corpses. Here, we report that resolution phase macrophages acquire the neutrophil-derived glycoprotein lactoferrin (Lf) and fragments thereof and . During the onset and resolving phases of inflammation in murine peritonitis and bovine mastitis, Lf fragments of 15 and 17 kDa occurred in various body fluids, and the murine fragmentation, accumulation, and release were mediated initially by neutrophils and later by efferocytic macrophages.

Experimental lupus is aggravated in mouse strains with impaired induction of neutrophil extracellular traps.

Many effector mechanisms of neutrophils have been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been assigned a particularly detrimental role. Here we investigated the functional impact of neutrophils and NETs on a mouse model of lupus triggered by intraperitoneal injection of the cell death-inducing alkane pristane.

Oxidative Burst-Dependent NETosis Is Implicated in the Resolution of Necrosis-Associated Sterile Inflammation.

Necrosis is associated with a profound inflammatory response. The regulation of necrosis-associated inflammation, particularly the mechanisms responsible for resolution of inflammation is incompletely characterized. Nanoparticles are known to induce plasma membrane damage and necrosis followed by sterile inflammation.

Inflammatory etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: an update.

The immune system struggles every day between responding to foreign antigens and tolerating self-antigens to delicately maintain tissue homeostasis. If self-tolerance is broken, the development of autoimmunity can be the consequence, as it is in the case of the chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE is considered to be a multifactorial disease comprising various processes and cell types that act abnormally and in a harmful way.