The HECT ubiquitin-protein ligases UPL1 and UPL2 are involved in degradation of Arabidopsis thaliana ACC synthase 7.

Ethylene is an important plant hormone whose production relies on the action of key enzymes, one of which is 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS). There are three classes of ACS, which are all partially regulated by degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which regulates ethylene production. Arabidopsis has a single class III ACS, ACS7, but although it is known to be degraded by the 26S proteasome, the UPS proteins involved are poorly characterised.

Transcriptomic Response of to Acidic Stress and Nutrient Limitation Is Versatile and Substantially Influenced by Extrachromosomal Gene Pool.

Multipartite genomes are thought to confer evolutionary advantages to bacteria by providing greater metabolic flexibility in fluctuating environments and enabling rapid adaptation to new ecological niches and stress conditions. This genome architecture is commonly found in plant symbionts, including nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, such as bv. TA1 (RtTA1), whose genome comprises a chromosome and four extrachromosomal replicons (ECRs).

Arabidopsis HECT and RING-type E3 Ligases Promote MAPKKK18 Degradation to Regulate Abscisic Acid Signaling.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are conserved signaling pathways that transduce extracellular signals into diverse cellular responses. Arabidopsis MAPKKK18 is a component of the MAPKKK17/18-MKK3-MPK1/2/7/14 cascades, which play critical roles in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, drought tolerance and senescence. A very important aspect of MAP kinase signaling is both its activation and its termination, which must be tightly controlled to achieve appropriate biological responses.

Genomic and Metabolic Characterization of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Isolated from Nodules of Clovers Grown in Non-Farmed Soil.

The rhizosphere microbiota, which includes plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), is essential for nutrient acquisition, protection against pathogens, and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. However, agricultural practices affect the composition and functions of microbiota, reducing their beneficial effects on plant growth and health. Among PGPR, rhizobia form mutually beneficial symbiosis with legumes.

The first genomic characterization of a stable, hemin-dependent small colony variant strain of isolated from a prosthetic-joint infection.

Phenotype switching from a wild type (WT) to a slow-growing subpopulation, referred to as small colony variants (SCVs), supports an infectious lifestyle of , the leading cause of medical device-related infections. Specific mechanisms underlying formation of SCVs and involved in the shaping of their pathogenic potential are of particular interest for stable strains as they have been only rarely cultured from clinical specimens. As the SCV phenotype stability implies the existence of genetic changes, the whole genome sequence of a stable, hemin-dependent SCV strain (named 49SCV) involved in a late prosthetic joint infection was analyzed.

Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis in bv. Requires a Complementary Function of Two Homologous Glycosyltransferases PssG and PssI.

The Pss-I region of bv. TA1 comprises more than 20 genes coding for glycosyltransferases, modifying enzymes, and polymerization/export proteins, altogether determining the biosynthesis of symbiotically relevant exopolysaccharides. In this study, the role of homologous PssG and PssI glycosyltransferases in exopolysaccharide subunit synthesis were analyzed.

BRM Complex in Arabidopsis Adopts ncBAF-like Composition and Requires BRD Subunits for Assembly and Stability.

ATP-dependent SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complexes are conserved multi-subunit assemblies that control genome activity. Functions of SWI/SNF complexes in plant development and growth have been well established, but the architecture of particular assemblies is unclear. In this study, we elucidate the organization of Arabidopsis SWI/SNF complexes formed around a BRM catalytic subunit, and define the requirement of bromodomain-containing proteins BRD1/2/13 for the formation and stability of the entire complex.

A New Face of the Old Gene: Deletion of the , Encoding Monotopic Inner Membrane Phosphoglycosyl Transferase in , Leads to Diverse Phenotypes That Could Be Attributable to Downstream Effects of the Lack of Exopolysaccharide.

The biosynthesis of subunits of rhizobial exopolysaccharides is dependent on glycosyltransferases, which are usually encoded by large gene clusters. PssA is a member of a large family of phosphoglycosyl transferases catalyzing the transfer of a phosphosugar moiety to polyprenol phosphate; thus, it can be considered as priming glycosyltransferase commencing synthesis of the EPS repeating units in . The comprehensive analysis of PssA protein features performed in this work confirmed its specificity for UDP-glucose and provided evidence that PssA is a monotopic inner membrane protein with a reentrant membrane helix rather than a transmembrane segment.

Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Two Novel Loci Associated with Female Stress and Urgency Urinary Incontinence.

Purpose: Genome-wide association studies have not identified replicable genetic risk loci for stress or urgency urinary incontinence.

Materials And Methods: We carried out a discovery stage, case control, genome-wide association study in 3 independent discovery cohorts of European women (8,979) for stress incontinence, urgency incontinence, and any incontinence phenotypes. We conducted replication in 6 additional studies of European ancestry (4,069).

Structure of the disaccharide repeating unit of O-specific polysaccharide isolated from Aeromonas veronii strain Bs8 pathogenic to common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

The O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of Aeromonas veronii strain Bs8, which is pathogenic to common carp (Cyprinus carpio), after mild acid hydrolysis followed by gel-permeation chromatography. The high-molecular-mass OPS fraction was investigated using chemical methods, mass spectrometry, and H and C NMR spectroscopy techniques, including 2D homonuclear H,H TOCSY, DQF COSY, NOESY, and heteronuclear H-detected H,C HSQC, and HMBC experiments. The analysis revealed that the O-specific polysaccharide contains sugars with the galacto configuration of the ring and is composed of a disaccharide repeating unit with the following structure.

PssJ Is a Terminal Galactosyltransferase Involved in the Assembly of the Exopolysaccharide Subunit in bv. .

bv. produces exopolysaccharide (EPS) composed of glucose, glucuronic acid, and galactose residues at a molar ratio 5:2:1. A majority of genes involved in the synthesis, modification, and export of exopolysaccharide are located in the chromosomal Pss-I region.

Protein Phosphatases Type 2C Group A Interact with and Regulate the Stability of ACC Synthase 7 in Arabidopsis.

Ethylene is an important plant hormone that controls growth, development, aging and stress responses. The rate-limiting enzymes in ethylene biosynthesis, the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthases (ACSs), are strictly regulated at many levels, including posttranslational control of protein half-life. Reversible phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events play a pivotal role as signals for ubiquitin-dependent degradation.

Mgl2 Is a Hypothetical Methyltransferase Involved in Exopolysaccharide Production, Biofilm Formation, and Motility in bv. .

In this study, functional characterization of the gene located near the Pss-I exopolysaccharide biosynthesis region in bv. TA1 is described. The hypothetical protein encoded by the gene was found to be similar to methyltransferases (MTases).

A Mutation in the Gene Alters the Physicochemical Properties of the Bacterial Cell Wall and Reduces Survival inside .

In our previous report, we had shown that the free-living amoeba influenced the abundance, competiveness, and virulence of NZP2213, the microsymbiont of agriculturally important plants of the genus . The molecular basis of this phenomenon; however, had not been explored. In the present study, we demonstrated that , the -acetyltransferase encoding gene located in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis cluster of , was responsible for maintaining the protective capacity of the bacterial cell envelope, necessary for the bacteria to fight environmental stress and survive inside amoeba cells.

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Plant Hormone Signaling.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules play key roles in the transduction of environmental and developmental signals through phosphorylation of downstream signaling targets, including other kinases, enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins or transcription factors, in all eukaryotic cells. A typical MAPK cascade consists of at least three sequentially acting serine/threonine kinases, a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), a MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK) and finally, the MAP kinase (MAPK) itself, with each phosphorylating, and hence activating, the next kinase in the cascade. Recent advances in our understanding of hormone signaling pathways have led to the discovery of new regulatory systems.

Synthesis of Rhizobial Exopolysaccharides and Their Importance for Symbiosis with Legume Plants.

Rhizobia dwell and multiply in the soil and represent a unique group of bacteria able to enter into a symbiotic interaction with plants from the Fabaceae family and fix atmospheric nitrogen inside de novo created plant organs, called nodules. One of the key determinants of the successful interaction between these bacteria and plants are exopolysaccharides, which represent species-specific homo- and heteropolymers of different carbohydrate units frequently decorated by non-carbohydrate substituents. Exopolysaccharides are typically built from repeat units assembled by the Wzx/Wzy-dependent pathway, where individual subunits are synthesized in conjunction with the lipid anchor undecaprenylphosphate (und-PP), due to the activity of glycosyltransferases.

A Role for Barley Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase CPK2a in the Response to Drought.

Increasing the drought tolerance of crops is one of the most challenging goals in plant breeding. To improve crop productivity during periods of water deficit, it is essential to understand the complex regulatory pathways that adapt plant metabolism to environmental conditions. Among various plant hormones and second messengers, calcium ions are known to be involved in drought stress perception and signaling.

RepB proteins of the multipartite Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii genome discriminate between centromere-like parS sequences for plasmid segregational stability.

The plasmids of the Rhizobiaceae family members and other Alphaproteobacteria are usually large, low copy-number and contain all elements necessary for active segregation and replication located in one operon comprising repABC genes. The genome of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii TA1 (RtTA1) consists of a chromosome and four plasmids (pRleTA1a-d) with repABC operons.

[Optic disc pit with maculopathy – a case report].

The article presents a case of an 18-year old man with bilateral optic disc pit associated with serous macular detachment in the left eye. Optic disc pit is a rare congenital abnormality of the optic nerve head, which affects 1:11 000 people, with no gender predilection. Optic disc pits are usually incidental findings on fundus examination.

Plasmid-Encoded RepA Proteins Specifically Autorepress Individual repABC Operons in the Multipartite Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii Genome.

Rhizobia commonly have very complex genomes with a chromosome and several large plasmids that possess genes belonging to the repABC family. RepA and RepB are members of the ParA and ParB families of partitioning proteins, respectively, whereas RepC is crucial for plasmid replication. In the repABC replicons, partitioning and replication functions are transcriptionally linked resulting in complex regulation of rep gene expression.

PssP2 is a polysaccharide co-polymerase involved in exopolysaccharide chain-length determination in Rhizobium leguminosarum.

Production of extracellular polysaccharides is a complex process engaging proteins localized in different subcellular compartments, yet communicating with each other or even directly interacting in multicomponent complexes. Proteins involved in polymerization and transport of exopolysaccharide (EPS) in Rhizobium leguminosarum are encoded within the chromosomal Pss-I cluster. However, genes implicated in polysaccharide synthesis are common in rhizobia, with several homologues of pss genes identified in other regions of the R.

Functional relationships between plasmids and their significance for metabolism and symbiotic performance of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii.

Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii TA1 (RtTA1) is a soil bacterium establishing a highly specific symbiotic relationship with clover, which is based on the exchange of molecular signals between the host plant and the microsymbiont. The RtTA1 genome is large and multipartite, composed of a chromosome and four plasmids, which comprise approximately 65 % and 35 % of the total genome, respectively.

Homo- and heterotypic interactions between Pss proteins involved in the exopolysaccharide transport system in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii.

Rhizobium leguminosarum produces large amounts of exopolysaccharide (EPS) that has been shown to be an important determinant of successful nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with legume plants. EPS is assembled in a Wzx/Wzy-dependent manner, and proteins involved in the process are proposed to form a complex that enables coupling the synthesis of EPS subunits with their polymerization and transport. Pss proteins, which are encoded within the chromosomal polysaccharide synthesis cluster of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.

The polymorphisms of the MMP-1 and the MMP-3 genes and the risk of pelvic organ prolapse.

Introduction And Hypothesis: To investigate the associations between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) type 1G/2G at position -1607/-1608 of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 gene and SNP type 5A/6A at position -1612/-1617 of the MMP-3 gene and the development of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in women.

Methods: 133 patients with symptomatic POP were included in the study group. The control group consisted of 132 women with a normal pelvic floor.