Molecular Diversity of the Casein Gene Cluster in Bovidae: Insights from SNP Microarray Analysis.

The casein gene cluster spans 250 to 350 kb across mammalian species and is flanked by non-coding DNA with largely unknown functions. These regions likely harbor elements regulating the expression of the 4 casein genes. In Bovidae, this cluster is well studied in domestic cattle and to a lesser extent in zebu and water buffalo.

Silicon Modifies Photosynthesis Efficiency and Gene Expression in European Beech () Seedlings Exposed to Drought Stress.

Climate change is leading to severe and long-term droughts in European forest ecosystems. can have profound effects on various physiological processes, including photosynthesis, gene expression patterns, and nutrient uptake at the developmental stage of young trees. Our study aimed to test the hypothesis that the application of silica (SiO) influences photosynthetic efficiency and gene expression in 1- to 2-year-old (L.

Temperature Effects on Expression Levels of Genes in Eggs and Second-Stage Juveniles of Chitwood, 1949.

is one of the most important nematode pathogens. It is a sedentary, biotrophic parasite of plants that overwinters in the soil or in diseased roots. The development of is temperature dependent.

The impact of anthropogenic transformation of urban soils on ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) growth in natural versus urban soils.

Betula pendula Roth. is considered a pioneering plant species important for urban ecosystems. Based on the sequencing of fungal ITS, we characterized the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) communities of twenty silver birch trees growing in a contaminated, highly anthropo-pressured urban environment and in a natural reserve site.

Next-Generation Sequencing for Evaluating the Soil Nematode Diversity and Its Role in Composting Processes.

Biodiversity within composting systems involves a variety of microorganisms including nematodes. In the research, nematode populations were monitored within six simultaneously operating composting processes. These processes involved varying proportions of feedstock materials.

Effect of Vicia sativa L. on Motility, Mortality and Expression Levels of hsp Genes in J2 Stage of Meloidogyne hapla.

Assuming that the seeds of L. have a stressful effect on J2 stage , we undertook research on the effect of these seeds on the motility and mortality of J2 and determined the expression levels of selected genes in J2. The assessment of the effect of seeds on the motility of specimens consisted of observing the movement of J2 immersed in a seed diffusate or in a tomato root filtrate at temperatures of 10, 17, and 21°C.

First report of Tomato black ring virus infecting raspberry and blackberry in Poland.

Raspberry ( L.) and blackberry ( L.) are infected by at least 29 viruses, including the Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) (Martin et al.

The ectomycorrhizal community of urban linden trees in Gdańsk, Poland.

The linden tree (Tilia spp.) is a popular tree for landscaping and urban environments in central and northwest European countries, and it is one of the most popular in cities in Poland. Ectomycorrhizal fungi form a symbiosis with many urban tree species and protect the host plant from heavy metals and against salinity.

Molecular variation among virulent and avirulent strains of the quarantine nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an emerging pathogenic nematode that is responsible for a devastating epidemic of pine wilt disease worldwide, causing severe ecological damage and economic losses to forestry. Two forms of this nematode have been reported, i.e.

Description of Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Merlinidae) from Polish Jurassic Highland.

A new species of the genus Pratylenchoides has been described. It was found in Polish Jurassic Highland, in Ojców National Park. Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp.

Does kisspeptin participate in GABA-mediated modulation of GnRH and GnRH receptor biosynthesis in the hypothalamic-pituitary unit of follicular-phase ewes?

Background: The inverse relationship between GnRH transcript level and GABA neurons activity has suggested that GABA at the hypothalamic level may exert a suppressive effect on subsequent steps of the GnRH biosynthesis. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of GABA type A receptor agonist (muscimol) or antagonist (bicuculline) on molecular mechanisms governing GnRH/LH secretion in follicular-phase sheep.

Methods: ELISA technique was used to investigate the effects of muscimol and/or bicuculline on levels of post-translational products of genes encoding GnRH ligand and GnRH receptor (GnRHR) in the preoptic area (POA), anterior (AH) and ventromedial (VMH) hypothalamus, stalk/median eminence (SME), and GnRHR in the anterior pituitary (AP).

Effect of corticotropin releasing hormone and corticotropin releasing hormone antagonist on biosynthesis of gonadotropin relasing hormone and gonadotropin relasing hormone receptor in the hypothalamic-pituitary unit of follicular-phase ewes and contribution of kisspeptin.

This study aimed to determine the mechanisms governing Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) biosynthesis and luteinising hormone (LH) secretion in follicular-phase sheep after infusion of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and/or CRH antagonist corticotropin releasing hormone nist (CRH-A) into the third cerebral ventricle. The study included two experimental approaches: first, we investigated the effect of CRH or CRH-A (α-helical CRH 9-41) on GnRH and GnRH receptor (GnRHR) biosynthesis in the preoptic area (POA), anterior (AH) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), stalk/median eminence (SME), and on GnRHR in the anterior pituitary (AP) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); second, we used real-time PCR to analyse the influence of CRH and CRH-A on the levels of kisspeptin (Kiss1) mRNA in POA and VMH including arcuate nucleus (VMH/ARC), and on Kiss1 receptor (Kiss1r) mRNA abundance in POA-hypothalamic structures. These analyses were supplemented by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and ELISA methods for measurement of LH and cortisol levels in the blood, respectively.

Biosynthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and GnRH receptor (GnRHR) in hypothalamic-pituitary unit of anoestrous and cyclic ewes.

This study was performed to explain how the molecular processes governing the biosynthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and GnRH receptor (GnRHR) in the hypothalamic-pituitary unit are reflected by luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in sheep during anoestrous period and during luteal and follicular phases of the oestrous cycle. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we analyzed the levels of GnRH and GnRHR in preoptic area (POA), anterior (AH) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VM), stalk-median eminence (SME), and GnRHR in the anterior pituitary gland (AP). Radioimmunoassay has also been used to define changes in plasma LH concentrations.

Effect of short-term and prolonged stress on the biosynthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and GnRH receptor (GnRHR) in the hypothalamus and GnRHR in the pituitary of ewes during various physiological states.

Using an ELISA assay, the levels of GnRH and GnRHR were analysed in the preoptic area (POA), anterior (AH) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VM), stalk/median eminence (SME); and GnRHR in the anterior pituitary gland (AP) of non-breeding and breeding sheep subjected to short-term or prolonged stress. The ELISA study was supplemented with an analysis of plasma LH concentration. Short-term footshock stimulation significantly increased GnRH levels in hypothalamus in both seasons.

The Central Effect of β-Endorphin and Naloxone on The Biosynthesis of GnRH and GnRH Receptor (GnRHR) in The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Unit of Follicular-Phase Ewes.

The effects of prolonged, intermittent infusion of β-endorphin or naloxone into the third cerebral ventricle of follicular-phase ewes on the expression of genes encoding GnRH and GnRHR in the hypothalamus and GnRHR in the anterior pituitary gland (AP) were examined by an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. Activation or blockade of μ-opioid receptors significantly decreased or increased the GnRH concentration and GnRHR abundance in the hypothalamus, respectively, and affected in the same way GnRHR quantity in the AP gland. The changes in the levels of GnRH and GnRHR after treatment with β-endorphin as well as following action of naloxone were reflected in fluctuations of plasma LH concentrations.

Diversifying Selection Between Pure-Breed and Free-Breeding Dogs Inferred from Genome-Wide SNP Analysis.

Domesticated species are often composed of distinct populations differing in the character and strength of artificial and natural selection pressures, providing a valuable model to study adaptation. In contrast to pure-breed dogs that constitute artificially maintained inbred lines, free-ranging dogs are typically free-breeding, i.e.

On the origin of mongrels: evolutionary history of free-breeding dogs in Eurasia.

Although a large part of the global domestic dog population is free-ranging and free-breeding, knowledge of genetic diversity in these free-breeding dogs (FBDs) and their ancestry relations to pure-breed dogs is limited, and the indigenous status of FBDs in Asia is still uncertain. We analyse genome-wide SNP variability of FBDs across Eurasia, and show that they display weak genetic structure and are genetically distinct from pure-breed dogs rather than constituting an admixture of breeds. Our results suggest that modern European breeds originated locally from European FBDs.

Expression profiling of heat shock genes in a scuttle fly Megaselia scalaris (Diptera, Phoridae).

The Phoridae are a family of small, hump-backed flies, dominating in post-fire areas. Some of these flies are probably able to survive a fire as an egg, larva, or pupa, and may be adapted to the fire-altered environment at the genomic level. In this study, we describe the influence of short-term temperature treatment on the expression of seven heat shock protein genes in the third-instar larvae and imagoes of a scuttle fly Megaselia scalaris-one of the cosmopolitan and polyphagous phorids.

Quantitative expression of Candida albicans aspartyl proteinase genes SAP7, SAP8, SAP9, SAP10 in human serum in vitro.

The different members of the secreted aspartyl proteinase (Sap) family of the human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans are proposed to play different roles during infection and are differentially expressed at various body sites. In recent reports, expression analysis has focused on the genes SAP1-6, while the expression pattern of SAP7-10 was less well studied. We analyzed the SAP7-SAP10 expression profile of C.

Associations between two novel rSNPs in 5'-flanking region of the bovine casein gene cluster and milk performance traits.

Ten evolutionary conservative sequences with high identity level to homological sequences in other mammal species were revealed in 5'-flanking region of casein's genes cluster. Five novel SNPs located inside of the evolutionary conservative regions were identified. The binding sites were revealed to be present in one allelic variant of four detected SNPs.