A Comparison between Clinical and Metabolic Features of Renal Calyceal Microlithiasis and Overt Urolithiasis in Different Pediatric Age Groups.

Introduction: This study assesses the differences in the presentations, complications and metabolic abnormalities of children with renal calyceal microlithiasis (RCM) and overt urolithiasis in different pediatric ages.

Materials And Methods: A total of 465 children with urolithiasis were investigated retrospectively. Patients were categorized based on their ages to infancy, early childhood, middle childhood and adolescence.

Congenital rhabdomyosarcoma, central precocious puberty, hemihypertrophy and hypophosphatemic rickets associated with epidermal nevus syndrome.

We describe a newborn girl with right-sided extended epidermal nevus, congenital rhabdomyosarcoma of the inguinal area at birth who had developed central precocious puberty, hemihypertrophy and vitamin D3-responsive hypophosphatemic rickets at the age of 14 months. Our patient demonstrates a much broader and polymorphic spectrum of organ systems involvement in epidermal nevus syndrome at a very early age of her life.

Comparison between fractional excretions of urea and sodium in children with acute kidney injury.

Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) has been said to be the most sensitive index for differentiating prerenal failure (PRF) from intrinsic renal failure (IRF). However, there are several instances of high FENa (>2%) in cases of PRF and low FENa (<1%) in IRF patients. In contrast, the fractional excretion of urea nitrogen (FEUN) is primarily dependent on passive forces, and many confounding variables that affect FENa have little effect on FEUN, if any.