Mycotoxicoses in Veterinary Medicine: Toxins, Grass Staggers, and Neothyphodium Toxins.

Fungi are a large group of eukaryotic microorganisms that can readily adapt to diverse environments and occur in almost all climatic zones and continents. Although some fungi are inevitable in the environment for the decay and recycling of organic material, many species are known to produce secondary metabolites, and these mycotoxins, when ingested with food or feed materials, can adversely affect animal and human health. Among the toxigenic fungi, species are recognized as so-called field fungi, invading crops and producing mycotoxins predominantly before harvest.

Effects of lupeol and flutamide on experimentally-induced polycystic ovary syndrome in mice.

Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the main causes of infertility in women. This study was conducted to uncover the effects of lupeol as an anti-androgenic triterpene on experimentally-induced PCOS in mice.

Materials And Methods: Eighty immature female mice were divided into 4 groups: Control (C), PCOS (P), Lupeol (L), and Flutamide (F).

Study of CFRP Laminate Gradually Modified throughout the Thickness Using Thin Ply under Transvers Tensile Loading.

The use of thin-ply composite materials has rapidly increased due to their tailorable mechanical properties and design flexibility. Considering an adhesively bonded composite joint, peel stress stands out as a key contributor leading to failure among other primary stress factors. Therefore, the reinforcement of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates throughout the thickness could be considered as an approach to improve the joint strength.

The Benzene-induced Hepatic Cytochrome P450 2E1 Expression and Activity are Reduced by Quercetin Administration in Mice.

Background: Benzene as an environmental and industrial agent induces adverse effects that are mainly metabolism-dependent.

Objectives: Effects of Quercetin (QCN) on Benzene (BNZ)-induced changes in the hepatic Cytochrome P450 2E1 expression and activity were investigated.

Methods: Thirty-six adult male mice were divided into 6 groups (n = 6) and nominated as control, BNZ (exposed to BNZ: 30 ppm), QCN (received QCN: 50 mg/kg, orally), and the fourth, fifth and sixth groups were exposed to 30 ppm BNZ and received 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg QCN respectively, for 28 days.

Lupeol attenuated the NAFLD and PCOS-induced metabolic, oxidative, hormonal, histopathological, and molecular injuries in mice.

Background And Purpose: The current study aimed to study the therapeutic effects of lupeol as a nutritional triterpene on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) disorders in separate and concurrent models.

Experimental Approach: This study was performed in three sets and each set contained 4 groups of female mice (n = 6), including control, NAFLD or PCOS and/or NAFLD/PCOS, lupeol, and metformin (MET). The treatment groups following the induction of disorders were treated with lupeol (40 mg/kg, orally) or MET (500 mg/kg, orally) for 28 days.

Enhancing Fatigue Life and Strength of Adhesively Bonded Composite Joints: A Comprehensive Review.

Adhesive bonding is widely seen as the most optimal method for joining composite materials, bringing significant benefits over mechanical joining, such as lower weight and reduced stress concentrations. Adhesively bonded composite joints find extensive applications where cyclic fatigue loading takes place, but this might ultimately lead to crack damage and safety issues. Consequently, it has become essential to study how these structures behave under fatigue loads and identify the remaining gaps in knowledge to give insights into new possibilities.

Concomitant effects of paclitaxel and celecoxib on genes involved in apoptosis of triple-negative metastatic breast cancer cells.

Although triple-negative breast cancer accounts for less than one-fifth of breast cancers, it has a higher rate of metastasis and mortality. This study investigated the effects of combination treatment with paclitaxel and celecoxib on the expression of genes involved in the apoptosis of triple-negative metastatic breast cancer cells. MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured and then treated with certain concentrations of celecoxib (CLX), paclitaxel (PTX), and combination of them for 24 and 48 h.

Protective effects of sitagliptin on methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Methotrexate (MTX), a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressant agent, is widely used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and different types of cancers. However, its use has been limited by its life-threatening side effects, including nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of sitagliptin on methotrexate (MTX)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Zearalenone and its metabolite exposure directs oestrogen metabolism towards potentially carcinogenic metabolites in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells.

Zearalenone (ZEN) is produced by Fusarium species contaminating various agriculture crops. In this study, the effects of ZEN and its metabolites α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) on the formation of carcinogenic oestrogen-catechols in MCF-7 cells were investigated. To assess the effects of mycoestrogens on the activity of cytochrome P450 1A1 and CYP1B1, the rate of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD-assay) was measured.

Novel neurolisteriosis therapy using SPION as a drivable nanocarrier in gallic acid delivery to CNS.

Neurolisteriosis is an infectious disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a high mortality rate caused by Listeria monocytogenes. The CNS disorders suffer from inadequacy of drugs accessibility. An experimental in vivo model of neurolisteriosis was developed by oral administration of the bacteria in Wistar rats.

Quercetin Protected from Aluminum Phosphide-induced Acute and Subacute Cardio- and Hepatotoxicity in Rats.

Background: Aluminum phosphide (ALP) intoxication either accidentally or intentionally, is one of the major health concerns in developing countries. Its poisoning causes severe damage to organs including the heart and liver.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the hepato- and cardioprotective effects of quercetin (QCN) on the acute/subacute toxicity of ALP in rodent models.

Pre-treatment or post-treatment with hydroxychloroquine demonstrates neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.

Stroke is a serious life-threatening medical condition and is one of the principal reasons for death and disabilities worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the neuroprotective effects of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and the timing of its administration in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. A global I/R model was used, and HCQ was administered in either pre- or post-treatment doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg.

Evaluation of di-n-butyl phthalate reproductive toxicity in pregnant rats and their offspring and assessment of vitamin E administration in reducing toxicity.

Phthalates are environmental contaminants mostly used as plasticizers and additives in different products. Having endocrine-disrupting properties, phthalates are known as potential reproductive toxicants. The present study was conducted to evaluate the reproductive toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in pregnant rats and their offspring and also to assess the ability of vitamin E in the elimination or reducing reproductive toxicity of DBP.

Improved Healing of Colonic Anastomosis with Allotransplantation of Axillary Skin Fibroblasts in Rats.

Objective: Colonic anastomosis is associated with serious complications leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Fibroblasts have recently been introduced as a practical alternative to stem cells because of their differentiation capacity, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intramural injection of fibroblasts on the healing of colonic anastomosis in rats.

18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid altered the intestinal permeability in the human Caco-2 monolayer cell model.

Purpose: Glycyrrhizin (GL) and its metabolites 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid (18α-GA) and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) are used as traditional medicine and food sweeteners. As the major rout of their administration is oral way, therefore their impact on intestinal epithelial cells are investigated.

Methods: The effects of GL and its metabolites on cell viability using MTT assay, on cytotoxicity using LDH release, on integrity of intestinal epithelial cells by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and Luciferase permeability tests, on the expression of tight junction proteins at mRNA and protein level by qPCR and western blot techniques, and ultimately on the rate of test compounds absorption via Caco-2 cells monolayer were investigated.

Lupeol synergizes with doxorubicin to induce anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on breast cancer cells.

Purpose: Anti-cancer and anti-migration effects of lupeol as a biological pentacyclic triterpenoid were investigated individually and in combination with Doxorubicin (DOX) on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and human foreskin fibroblasts.

Methods: To uncover the anticancer effect of lupeol and the impact of its combination with DOX, cell viability and scratch assays and dual acridine-orange apoptotic staining were performed. Moreover, the expression of proapoptotic caspase-3 and metastasis-related MMP-9 at the mRNA and protein levels was analyzed using qPCR and western blot techniques.

Repro-protective role of royal jelly in phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in male mice: Histopathological, embryological, and biochemical evidence.

To estimate the repro-protective effect of royal jelly (RJ) on phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced anemia's detrimental effects, 24 mature mice were divided into control group (0.10 mL normal saline; intra-peritoneally), RJ group (100 mg/kg/day; orally), experimental anemia (EA) group that received only PHZ (6 mg/100 g/48 h; intra-peritoneally), and RJ + EA (according to the previous prescription) group. After 35 days, testicular histoarchitecture, RNA damage in germinal cells, sperm characteristics, testicular total anti-oxidant capacity and malondialdehyde as well as serum testosterone levels, pre-implantation embryo development and cyclin D1 and c-myc mRNA levels at two-cell, morula and blastocyst stages were analyzed.

Allotransplantation of ascorbic acid-treated fibroblasts improves healing of excisional cutaneous wound in diabetic rats.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ascorbic acid (AA)-treated fibroblasts transplantation on excisional diabetic wound healing. An excisional wound was created between the shoulders of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. On day three, 1 ml of PBS, ‎1 × 10 ‎intact homologous fibroblasts, and ‎1 × 10 ‎ fibroblasts treated with 50 μM AA were injected subcutaneously around the wound edges in control, treatment-1 and treatment-2 groups, respectively.

Quercetin attenuated the Benzene-induced hemato- and hepatotoxicity in mice.

The protective effects of Quercetin (QCN) on Benzene (BNZ)-induced hemato- and hepatotoxicy were investigated. To reach this goal, 36 adult male mice were divided into 6 groups (n = 6). The control group was not exposed to BNZ, while animals in BNZ group were exposed to BNZ (30 ppm) and the animals of QCN group were received QCN (50 mg/kg, orally), the fourth, fifth and sixth groups were exposed to 30 ppm BNZ and received 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg QCN one h before the BNZ exposure, for 28 days.

Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) attenuates Cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats: Evidence for sperm apoptosis and p53/Bcl-2 expression.

Cyclophosphamide is an antitumor agent that causes disorders in fertility. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Spirulina platensis against Cyclophosphamide-induced testicular toxicity. 42 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups.

Prodigiosin induced the caspase-dependent apoptosis in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cell.

Background And Purpose: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) as a myeloproliferative disease is characterized by increased cellularity of bone marrow. Implementing the latest treatment protocols is currently accompanied by serious and life-threatening side effects. There are worldwide attempts to find new effective and potent therapeutic agents with minimal side effects on CML patients.

Cannabinoids pharmacological effects are beyond the palliative effects: CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells (HT-29).

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is between the top three occurring cancers worldwide. The anticancer effects of Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB) agonist (GW833972A) in the presence and absence of its inverse agonist (SR144528) on Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) was investigated. Following cell viability assays on HT-29 and HFF cells, the molecular mechanism(s) of cytotoxicity and apoptotic pathways of cell death were analyzed.

Crocetin suppresses the growth and migration in HCT-116 human colorectal cancer cells by activating the p-38 MAPK signaling pathway.

Background And Purpose: Crocetin is a natural antioxidant that is found in the crocus flower and (fruit). Previous studies have reported its anticancer activity both and . In addition, crocetin suppresses the growth and migration of human colorectal cancer cells, however, its mechanism of action remains to be elucidated.