Evaluation and quantification of the inhibition of biofilm and planktonic forms of by the polyphenolic extract of .

Analyses of polyphenolic plant extracts have shown significant results when used to control different pathogens. Many of these pathogens are responsible for different infections causing significant public health problems. This work aims basically to determine the efficiency of polyphenolic extract of to prevent biofilm formation by .

Yersinia pestis halotolerance illuminates plague reservoirs.

The plague agent Yersinia pestis persists for years in the soil. Two millennia after swiping over Europe and North Africa, plague established permanent foci in North Africa but not in neighboring Europe. Mapping human plague foci reported in North Africa for 70 years indicated a significant location at <3 kilometers from the Mediterranean seashore or the edge of salted lakes named chotts.

Plague in Arab Maghreb, 1940-2015: A Review.

We reviewed the epidemiology of 49 plague outbreaks that resulted in about 7,612 cases in 30 localities in the Arabic Maghreb (Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt) over 75 years. Between 1940 and 1950, most cases recorded in Morocco (75%) and Egypt (20%), resulted from plague imported to Mediterranean harbors and transmitted by rat ectoparasites. By contrast, the re-emergence of plague in the southern part of Western Sahara in 1953 and in northeast Libya in 1976 was traced to direct contact between nomadic populations and infected goats and camels in natural foci, including the consumption of contaminated meat, illustrating this neglected oral route of contamination.