High-fidelity tracking data gathered on minibus taxis in Stellenbosch, South Africa.

Minibus taxis, a form of informal shared mobility that carries up to 16 passengers, is the main mode of public transport in sub-Saharan Africa, and given global trends, a large-scale shift to electric paratransit is imminent in the coming decades. Modeling the energy consumption (kWh/km) of electric vehicle (EV) fleets is a pre-requisite for planning for fleet deployment, especially in energy-constrained contexts. Given the paucity of EVs in sub-Saharan Africa, ground-truth data on the energy consumption of electric paratransit does not exist for many developing contexts.

Ensemble of global climate simulations for temperature in historical, 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C scenarios from HadAM4.

Large ensembles of global temperature are provided for three climate scenarios: historical (2006-16), 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C above pre-industrial levels.

Home electricity data generator (HEDGE): An open-access tool for the generation of electric vehicle, residential demand, and PV generation profiles.

In this paper, we present the Home Electricity Data Generator (HEDGE), an open-access tool for the random generation of realistic residential energy data. HEDGE generates realistic daily profiles of residential PV generation, household electric loads, and electric vehicle consumption and at-home availability, based on real-life UK datasets. The lack of usable data is a major hurdle for research on residential distributed energy resources characterisation and coordination, especially when using data-driven methods such as machine learning-based forecasting and reinforcement learning-based control.

Spatial Data Starter Kit for OnSSET Energy Planning in Kitui County, Kenya.

The 2019 Energy Act requires each of Kenya's 47 counties to independently develop energy plans. As county energy planning accelerates, it is important to understand the availability and readiness of data required to facilitate it. This article identifies, evaluates, and pre-processes openly available data to facilitate county-level energy planning using the Open Source Spatial Electrification Tool (OnSSET) in Kitui County, Kenya.

Rural Home Annotation Dataset Mapped by Citizen Scientists in Satellite Imagery.

This article presents a geolocated dataset of rural home annotations on very high resolution satellite imagery from Uganda, Kenya, and Sierra Leone. This dataset was produced through a citizen science project called "Power to the People", which mapped rural homes for electrical infrastructure planning and computer-vision-based mapping. Additional details on this work are presented in "Power to the People: Applying citizen science to home-level mapping for rural energy access" [1].

pH variability at volcanic CO seeps regulates coral calcifying fluid chemistry.

Coral reefs are iconic ecosystems with immense ecological, economic and cultural value, but globally their carbonate-based skeletal construction is threatened by ocean acidification (OA). Identifying coral species that have specialised mechanisms to maintain high rates of calcification in the face of declining seawater pH is of paramount importance in predicting future species composition, and growth of coral reefs. Here, we studied multiple coral species from two distinct volcanic CO seeps in Papua New Guinea to assess their capacity to control their calcifying fluid (CF) chemistry.

Forecast of electric vehicle uptake across counties in England: Dataset from S-curve analysis.

Regional data from the UK Government's Department for Transport has been analyzed to produce a forecasted dataset of the uptake of electric vehicles (EVs) within Counties of England to the first quarter of the year 2100 using an S-curve methodology. This data includes all vehicles, not just cars. The historic proportion of electric vehicles in the fleets of these regions is calculated using data from 2011 Q4 to 2021 Q1.

Heavy metal incorporation in foraminiferal calcite under variable environmental and acute level seawater pollution: multi-element culture experiments for Amphisorus hemprichii.

The accelerated release of heavy metals into the coastal environments due to increasing anthropogenic activities poses a severe threat to local marine ecosystems and food chains. Although some heavy metals are essential nutrients for plants and animals, higher concentrations can be toxic and hazardous. To mitigate this threat, developing quantifiable proxies for monitoring heavy metal concentrations in near-shore marine environments is essential.

Global declines in coral reef calcium carbonate production under ocean acidification and warming.

Ocean warming and acidification threaten the future growth of coral reefs. This is because the calcifying coral reef taxa that construct the calcium carbonate frameworks and cement the reef together are highly sensitive to ocean warming and acidification. However, the global-scale effects of ocean warming and acidification on rates of coral reef net carbonate production remain poorly constrained despite a wealth of studies assessing their effects on the calcification of individual organisms.

Geochemistry of large benthic foraminifera Amphisorus hemprichii as a high-resolution proxy for lead pollution in coastal environments.

Anthropogenic lead (Pb) contamination resulting from the rapid growth of industrialization in coastal environments poses significant challenges. In this study, we report a novel approach utilising the large benthic foraminifera Amphisorus hemprichii as a biogeochemical archive for monitoring Pb pollution in tropical to warm-temperate coastal waters. Live juvenile specimens of A.

In situ Mg isotope measurements of biogenic carbonates using laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: A new tool to understand biomineralisation.

Rationale: Magnesium is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust and in seawater. Fractionation of its stable isotopes has been shown to be a useful indicator of many geological, chemical, and biological processes. For example, biogenic carbonates display an ~5‰ range of δ Mg values, which is attributed to variable degrees of biological control on Mg ions during biomineralisation.

Stress-resistant corals may not acclimatize to ocean warming but maintain heat tolerance under cooler temperatures.

Naturally heat-resistant coral populations hold significant potential for facilitating coral reef survival under rapid climate change. However, it remains poorly understood whether they can acclimatize to ocean warming when superimposed on their already thermally-extreme habitats. Furthermore, it is unknown whether they can maintain their heat tolerance upon larval dispersal or translocation to cooler reefs.

Acclimatization of massive reef-building corals to consecutive heatwaves.

Reef-building corals typically live close to the upper limits of their thermal tolerance and even small increases in summer water temperatures can lead to bleaching and mortality. Projections of coral reef futures based on forecasts of ocean temperatures indicate that by the end of this century, corals will experience their current thermal thresholds annually, which would lead to the widespread devastation of coral reef ecosystems. Here, we use skeletal cores of long-lived Porites corals collected from 14 reefs across the northern Great Barrier Reef, the Coral Sea, and New Caledonia to evaluate changes in their sensitivity to heat stress since 1815.

Investigating marine bio-calcification mechanisms in a changing ocean with in vivo and high-resolution ex vivo Raman spectroscopy.

Ocean acidification poses a serious threat to marine calcifying organisms, yet experimental and field studies have found highly diverse responses among species and environments. Our understanding of the underlying drivers of differential responses to ocean acidification is currently limited by difficulties in directly observing and quantifying the mechanisms of bio-calcification. Here, we present Raman spectroscopy techniques for characterizing the skeletal mineralogy and calcifying fluid chemistry of marine calcifying organisms such as corals, coralline algae, foraminifera, and fish (carbonate otoliths).

Environmental and physiochemical controls on coral calcification along a latitudinal temperature gradient in Western Australia.

The processes that occur at the micro-scale site of calcification are fundamental to understanding the response of coral growth in a changing world. However, our mechanistic understanding of chemical processes driving calcification is still evolving. Here, we report the results of a long-term in situ study of coral calcification rates, photo-physiology, and calcifying fluid (cf) carbonate chemistry (using boron isotopes, elemental systematics, and Raman spectroscopy) for seven species (four genera) of symbiotic corals growing in their natural environments at tropical, subtropical, and temperate locations in Western Australia (latitudinal range of ~11°).

Similar controls on calcification under ocean acidification across unrelated coral reef taxa.

Ocean acidification (OA) is a major threat to marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs which are heavily reliant on calcareous species. OA decreases seawater pH and calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω), and increases the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Intense scientific effort has attempted to determine the mechanisms via which ocean acidification (OA) influences calcification, led by early hypotheses that calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω) is the main driver.

Mechanisms and seasonal drivers of calcification in the temperate coral at its latitudinal limits.

High-latitude coral reefs provide natural laboratories for investigating the mechanisms and limits of coral calcification. While the calcification processes of tropical corals have been studied intensively, little is known about how their temperate counterparts grow under much lower temperature and light conditions. Here, we report the results of a long-term (2-year) study of seasonal changes in calcification rates, photo-physiology and calcifying fluid (cf) chemistry (using boron isotope systematics and Raman spectroscopy) for the coral growing near its latitudinal limits (34.

Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene.

Tropical reef systems are transitioning to a new era in which the interval between recurrent bouts of coral bleaching is too short for a full recovery of mature assemblages. We analyzed bleaching records at 100 globally distributed reef locations from 1980 to 2016. The median return time between pairs of severe bleaching events has diminished steadily since 1980 and is now only 6 years.

Coral calcification mechanisms facilitate adaptive responses to ocean acidification.

Ocean acidification (OA) is a pressing threat to reef-building corals, but it remains poorly understood how coral calcification is inhibited by OA and whether corals could acclimatize and/or adapt to OA. Using a novel geochemical approach, we reconstructed the carbonate chemistry of the calcifying fluid in two coral species using both a pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) proxy (δB and B/Ca, respectively). To address the potential for adaptive responses, both species were collected from two sites spanning a natural gradient in seawater pH and temperature, and then subjected to three pH levels (8.

Marine heatwave causes unprecedented regional mass bleaching of thermally resistant corals in northwestern Australia.

In 2015/16, a marine heatwave associated with a record El Niño led to the third global mass bleaching event documented to date. This event impacted coral reefs around the world, including in Western Australia (WA), although WA reefs had largely escaped bleaching during previous strong El Niño years. Coral health surveys were conducted during the austral summer of 2016 in four bioregions along the WA coast (~17 degrees of latitude), ranging from tropical to temperate locations.

Active modulation of the calcifying fluid carbonate chemistry (δB, B/Ca) and seasonally invariant coral calcification at sub-tropical limits.

Coral calcification is dependent on both the supply of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and the up-regulation of pH in the calcifying fluid (cf). Using geochemical proxies (δB, B/Ca, Sr/Ca, Li/Mg), we show seasonal changes in the pH and DIC for Acropora yongei and Pocillopora damicornis growing in-situ at Rottnest Island (32°S) in Western Australia. Changes in pH range from 8.

Coral calcification in a changing World and the interactive dynamics of pH and DIC upregulation.

Coral calcification is dependent on the mutualistic partnership between endosymbiotic zooxanthellae and the coral host. Here, using newly developed geochemical proxies (δB and B/Ca), we show that Porites corals from natural reef environments exhibit a close (r ∼0.9) antithetic relationship between dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pH of the corals' calcifying fluid (cf).

Coralline algae elevate pH at the site of calcification under ocean acidification.

Coralline algae provide important ecosystem services but are susceptible to the impacts of ocean acidification. However, the mechanisms are uncertain, and the magnitude is species specific. Here, we assess whether species-specific responses to ocean acidification of coralline algae are related to differences in pH at the site of calcification within the calcifying fluid/medium (pH ) using δ B as a proxy.