First-Generation Low-Income Individuals in Medicine: A Scoping Review.

Purpose: This comprehensive scoping review of the medical literature on first-generation low-income (FGLI) individuals in medicine aimed to synthesize the highest levels of evidence to inform medical education stakeholders.

Method: Database searches were conducted in Academic Search Premier, Education Research Premier, ERIC, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Professional Development Collection, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science Core Collection from database inception through March 15, 2023. English-language articles on first-generation or low-income individuals in medicine from U.

Prospective Analysis of urINe LAM to Eliminate NTM Sputum Screening (PAINLESS) study: Rationale and trial design for testing urine lipoarabinomannan as a marker of NTM lung infection in cystic fibrosis.

Background: Routine screening for nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease is dependent on sputum cultures. This is particularly challenging in the cystic fibrosis (CF) population due to reduced sputum production and low culture sensitivity. Biomarkers of infection that do not rely on sputum may lead to earlier diagnosis, but validation trials require a unique prospective design.

Outbreak of postpartum group a Streptococcus infections on a labor and delivery unit.

A healthcare-associated group A Streptococcus outbreak involving six patients, four healthcare workers, and one household contact occurred in the labor and delivery unit of an academic medical center. Isolates were highly related by whole genome sequencing. Infection prevention measures, healthcare worker screening, and chemoprophylaxis of those colonized halted further transmission.

Preclinical murine models for the testing of antimicrobials against Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary infections: Current practices and recommendations.

Mycobacterium abscessus, a rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterium, is increasingly recognized as an important pathogen of the human lung, disproportionally affecting people with cystic fibrosis (CF) and other susceptible individuals with non-CF bronchiectasis and compromised immune functions. M. abscessus infections are extremely difficult to treat due to intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics, including most anti-tuberculous drugs.

Pivekimab sunirine (IMGN632), a novel CD123-targeting antibody-drug conjugate, in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia: a phase 1/2 study.

Background: Pivekimab sunirine (IMGN632) is a first-in-class antibody-drug conjugate comprising a high-affinity CD123 antibody, cleavable linker, and novel indolinobenzodiazepine pseudodimer payload. CD123 is overexpressed in several haematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukaemia. We present clinical data on pivekimab sunirine in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia.

Myelodysplastic neoplasm-associated U2AF1 mutations induce host defense defects by compromising neutrophil chemotaxis.

Myelodysplastic neoplasm (MDS) is a hematopoietic stem cell disorder that may evolve into acute myeloid leukemia. Fatal infection is among the most common cause of death in MDS patients, likely due to myeloid cell cytopenia and dysfunction in these patients. Mutations in genes that encode components of the spliceosome represent the most common class of somatically acquired mutations in MDS patients.

Dectin-1-Independent Macrophage Phagocytosis of .

, a species of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), is an opportunistic pathogen that is readily cleared by healthy lungs but can cause pulmonary infections in people with chronic airway diseases. Although knowledge pertaining to molecular mechanisms of host defense against NTM is increasing, macrophage receptors that recognize remain poorly defined. Dectin-1, a C-type lectin receptor identified as a fungal receptor, has been shown to be a pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) for both and NTM.

Divergent host innate immune response to the smooth-to-rough adaptation to chronic infection.

is a nontuberculous mycobacterium emerging as a significant pathogen for individuals with chronic lung disease, including cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Current therapeutics have poor efficacy. New strategies of bacterial control based on host defenses are appealing, but anti-mycobacterial immune mechanisms are poorly understood and are complicated by the appearance of smooth and rough morphotypes with distinct host responses.

Deficient Complement Opsonization Impairs Mycobacterium avium Killing by Neutrophils in Cystic Fibrosis.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), including Mycobacterium avium, are clinically important pathogens in cystic fibrosis (CF). The innate immune response to M. avium remains incompletely understood.

Culture independent markers of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung infection and disease in the cystic fibrosis airway.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are opportunistic pathogens that affect a relatively small but significant portion of the people with cystic fibrosis (CF), and may cause increased morbidity and mortality in this population. Cultures from the airway are the only test currently in clinical use for detecting NTM. Culture techniques used in clinical laboratories are insensitive and poorly suited for population screening or to follow progression of disease or treatment response.

Socioeconomic position and hearing loss: current understanding and recent advances.

Purpose Of Review: The purpose of this review is to describe recent literature examining the relationship between socioeconomic position (SEP) and hearing loss, including the impact of hearing loss on several socioeconomic outcomes over the life course. Additionally, we highlight current policy advances in recent years and review alternative models of hearing care that aim to address disparities related to SEP and hearing healthcare.

Recent Findings: Applying a social epidemiologic lens to hearing health gives insight into the role of material and social contexts in understanding and improving hearing health outcomes.

Specificity of Immunoglobulin Response to Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection in People with Cystic Fibrosis.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are increasingly prevalent in chronic lung diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF). Mycobacterium abscessus is of particular concern due to relatively greater virulence and intrinsic antimicrobial resistance. Airway culture identification, the standard method for detecting pulmonary infection, is hindered by low sensitivity, long culture times, and reliance on sputum production or lavage.

Metagenomic prediction of antimicrobial resistance in critically ill patients with lower respiratory tract infections.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is rising at an alarming rate and complicating the management of infectious diseases including lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a recently established method for culture-independent LRTI diagnosis, but its utility for predicting AMR has remained unclear. We aimed to assess the performance of mNGS for AMR prediction in bacterial LRTI and demonstrate proof of concept for epidemiological AMR surveillance and rapid AMR gene detection using Cas9 enrichment and nanopore sequencing.

The pharmacology of HIV-1 antiretrovirals differs between macaques and humans.

Non-human primates (NHP) are widely used for the pre-clinical assessment of antiretrovirals (ARVs) for HIV treatment and prevention. However, the utility of these models is questionable given the differences in ARV pharmacology between humans and macaques. Here, we report a model based on ARV exposure and the challenge of mucosal tissue explants to define pharmacological differences between NHPs and humans.

Host and pathogen response to bacteriophage engineered against Mycobacterium abscessus lung infection.

Two mycobacteriophages were administered intravenously to a male with treatment-refractory Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary infection and severe cystic fibrosis lung disease. The phages were engineered to enhance their capacity to lyse M. abscessus and were selected specifically as the most effective against the subject's bacterial isolate.

Linking robust spatiotemporal datasets to assess and monitor habitat attributes of a threatened species.

Accessibility of multispectral, multitemporal imagery combined with recent advances in cloud computing and machine learning approaches have enhanced our ability to model habitat characteristics across broad spatial and temporal scales. We integrated a large dataset of known nest and roost sites of a threatened species, the Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida), in the southwestern USA with Landsat imagery processed using the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) time series algorithm on Google Earth Engine. We then used maximum entropy modeling (Maxent) to classify the landscape into four 'spectral similarity' classes that reflected the degree to which 30-m pixels contained a multispectral signature similar to that found at known owl nest/roost sites and mapped spectral similarity classes from 1986-2020.

Therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs targeting DosRS signaling in .

A search for alternative treatments led to our interest in the two-component regulator DosRS, which, in , is required for the bacterium to establish a state of nonreplicating, drug-tolerant persistence in response to a variety of host stresses. We show here that the genetic disruption of impairs the adaptation of to hypoxia, resulting in decreased bacterial survival after oxygen depletion, reduced tolerance to a number of antibiotics in vitro and in vivo, and the inhibition of biofilm formation. We determined that three antimalarial drugs or drug candidates, artemisinin, OZ277, and OZ439, can target DosS-mediated hypoxic signaling in and recapitulate the phenotypic effects of genetically disrupting .

Effect of a Novel Oxygen Saturation Targeting Strategy on Mortality, Retinopathy of Prematurity, and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Neonates Born Extremely Preterm.

Objective: To study the impact of an oxygen management strategy incorporating oxygen saturation (SpO) targeting and fraction of inspired oxygen monitoring on the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and mortality.

Study Design: This retrospective cohort study analyzed the incidence of any ROP, severe ROP, ROP requiring treatment (surgery and/or bevacizumab), BPD, and mortality among 23-28 weeks of gestational age infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit in 3 epochs: Epoch 1 (2007-2010) before implementation of SpO histograms; Epoch 2 (2012-2014), with development of a software tool capable of generating automatic bedside SpO histograms; and Epoch 3 (2016-2019), with further software enhancements, incorporating simultaneous SpO and fraction of inspired oxygen measurements.

Results: During Epochs 1, 2, and 3, there were 601, 381, and 550 eligible infants, respectively, for a total of 1532 eligible infants.