Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi heterokaryons have two nuclear populations with distinct roles in host-plant interactions.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are prominent root symbionts that can carry thousands of nuclei deriving from two parental strains in a large syncytium. These co-existing genomes can also vary in abundance with changing environmental conditions. Here we assemble the nuclear genomes of all four publicly available AMF heterokaryons using PacBio high-fidelity and Hi-C sequencing.

Biosorption of methylene blue dye using a novel chitosan pectinase blend.

Biosorption is a key phenomenon that has been used to remove the aquatic pollutants like dyes and heavy metals present in industrial effluents. The current study aims at the development of a chitosan-pectinase blend (CPB) to separate the methylene blue (MB) dye from its synthetic solution. Pectinase, an enzyme isolated from a consortium of Bacillus species, is imbibed in the blend.

Modelling of urea hydrolysis kinetics using genetic algorithm coupled artificial neural networks in urease immobilized magnetite nanoparticles.

The presence of urea in runoff from fertilized soil could be contributing to the growth of dangerous blooms. Enzymatic urea hydrolysis is a well-known outstanding process that, when integrated with nanotechnology, would be much more efficient. This research provides a novel perspective on magnetic nanobiocatalysts that reduce diffusion barriers in effective urea hydrolysis.

Early branching arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus carries a small and repeat-poor genome compared to relatives in the Glomeromycotina.

The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) are obligate root symbionts in the subphylum Glomeromycotina that can benefit land plants by increasing their soil nutrient uptake in exchange for photosynthetically fixed carbon sources. To date, annotated genome data from representatives of the AMF orders Glomerales, Diversisporales and Archaeosporales have shown that these organisms have large and highly repeated genomes, and no genes to produce sugars and fatty acids. This led to the hypothesis that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Glomeromycotina was fully dependent on plants for nutrition.

Long reads and Hi-C sequencing illuminate the two-compartment genome of the model arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiont Rhizophagus irregularis.

Chromosome folding links genome structure with gene function by generating distinct nuclear compartments and topologically associating domains. In mammals, these undergo preferential interactions and regulate gene expression. However, their role in fungal genome biology is unclear.

Regulation of mating genes during arbuscular mycorrhizal isolate co-existence-where is the evidence?

A recent study published by Mateus et al. [1] claimed that 18 "mating-related" genes are differentially expressed in the model arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis when genetically distinct fungal strains co-colonize a host plant. To clarify the level of evidence for this interesting conclusion, we first aimed to validate the functional annotation of these 18 R.

Asexual Evolution and Forest Conditions Drive Genetic Parallelism in .

It is commonly assumed that asexual lineages are short-lived evolutionarily, yet many asexual organisms can generate genetic and phenotypic variation, providing an avenue for further evolution. Previous work on the asexual plant pathogen NA1 revealed considerable genetic variation in the form of Structural Variants (SVs). To better understand how SVs arise and their significance to the California NA1 population, we studied the evolutionary histories of SVs and the forest conditions associated with their emergence.

Parasexual and Sexual Reproduction in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Room for Both.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) harbor thousands of nuclei in a large syncytium at all times. Although mating processes have not been observed in AMF, their cells and genomes show many signatures of sexual reproduction. Here, we describe how some of these signatures could also arise from parasexual processes in these widespread plant symbionts.

Improvisation of diffusion coefficient in surface modified magnetite nanoparticles: A novel perspective.

Surface properties are inevitable in determining the properties of any support involved in tethering biomolecular moieties. Porous carriers impose numerous diffusional limitations and make the need for surface modification significant. To best of our knowledge, this study would be a new perspective on diffusional limitations in nanoparticles for the first time.

Updated Assembly of pr102 Isolate Incorporating Long Reads from PacBio Sequencing.

The NA1 clonal lineage of is responsible for sudden oak death, an epidemic that has devastated California coastal forest ecosystems. An NA1 isolate, Pr102, derived from coast live oak in California, was previously sequenced and reported with a 65-Mb assembly containing 12 Mb of gaps in 2,576 scaffolds. Here, we report an improved 70-Mb genome in 1,512 scaffolds with 6,752 bp of gaps after incorporating PacBio P5-C3 long reads.

Haplotype-Phased Genome Assembly of Virulent Isolate ND886 Facilitated by Long-Read Sequencing Reveals Effector Polymorphisms and Copy Number Variation.

is a destructive pathogen that causes sudden oak death disease. The genome sequence of isolate Pr102 was previously produced, using Sanger reads, and contained 12 Mb of gaps. However, isolate Pr102 had shown reduced aggressiveness and genome abnormalities.

Effect of Menopause on Saliva and Dental Health.

Aims And Objectives: This research is intended to observe the influence of menopause on saliva and dental health. Salivary flow rate, pH of stimulated whole saliva, oral hygiene status, dental caries status, and periodontal status were evaluated in frequently menstruating and postmenopausal womankind.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on forty healthy postmenopausal women (case group) and forty regularly menstruating healthy women (control group), who were selected from the Outpatient Department of Dr.

Magnetic nanoparticles: a versatile carrier for enzymes in bio-processing sectors.

Many industrial processes experience the advantages of enzymes which evolved the demand for enzymatic technologies. The enzyme immobilisation technology using different carriers has trustworthy applications in industrial biotechnology as these techniques encompass varied advantages such as enhanced stability, activity along with reusability. Immobilisation onto nanomaterial is highly favourable as it includes almost all aspects of science.

Draft Genome Sequence for the Tree Pathogen Phytophthora plurivora.

Species from the genus Phytophthora are well represented among organisms causing serious diseases on trees. Phytophthora plurivora has been implicated in long-term decline of woodland trees across Europe. Here we present a draft genome sequence of P.

Prominent Study on Surface Properties and Diffusion Coefficient of Urease-Conjugated Magnetite Nanoparticles.

Herein, the magnetite nanoparticles (MNs) were prepared by facile solvothermal method and its porous nature was modified using 3-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (AEAPS). Magnetite formation, successful amino tagging, and urease conjugation on the surface were confirmed from the presence of certain functional groups in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Also, nanosize (13.

Characterization, analysis, and application of fabricated Fe3O4-chitosan-pectinase nanobiocatalyst.

The investigation on fabrication of Fe3O4-chitosan-pectinase nanobiocatalyst was performed by covalently binding the pectinase onto carboxyl group activated chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles (CMNPs). The morphological and size distribution analysis of the different magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was done using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the average diameter was 11.07 ± 3.

Fabrication, characterization and application of pectin degrading Fe3O4-SiO2 nanobiocatalyst.

The covalent binding of pectinase onto amino functionalized silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (CSMNPs) through glutaraldehyde activation was investigated for nanobiocatalyst fabrication. The average particle size and morphology of the nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The statistical analysis for TEM image suggests that the coating and binding process did not cause any significant change in size of MNPs.