Drag reduction technology and devices for road vehicles - A comprehensive review.

This paper addresses the critical role of drag reduction technology in the evolution of road vehicle design amidst the ongoing climate crisis. With transportation accounting for a substantial portion of the EU's greenhouse gas emissions, the shift towards alternatively powered vehicles highlights the need for innovative solutions to extend range, reduce fuel consumption, and lower emissions. This review thoroughly outlines the literature on appendable drag reduction devices, encompassing both passive and active techniques, and their applicability across a variety of road vehicles, including light and heavy-duty transport.

Shear Stress Markedly Alters the Proteomic Response to Hypoxia in Human Pulmonary Endothelial Cells.

Blood flow produces shear stress that homeostatically regulates the phenotype of pulmonary endothelial cells, exerting antiinflammatory and antithrombotic actions and maintaining normal barrier function. Hypoxia due to diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), causes vasoconstriction, increased vascular resistance, and pulmonary hypertension. Hypoxia-induced changes in endothelial function play a central role in the development of pulmonary hypertension.

In vitro measurement of the coaptation force distribution in normal and functional regurgitant porcine mitral valves.

Closure of the left atrioventricular orifice is achieved when the anterior and posterior leaflets of the mitral valve press together to form a coaptation zone along the free edge of the leaflets. This coaptation zone is critical to valve competency and is maintained by the support of the mitral annulus, chordae tendinae, and papillary muscles. Myocardial ischemia can lead to an altered performance of this mitral complex generating suboptimal mitral leaflet coaptation and a resultant regurgitant orifice.

An investigation of the relationship between hemodynamics and thrombus deposition within patient-specific models of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

The relationship between hemodynamics and thrombus deposition in abdominal aortic aneurysm is investigated for three patients (A, B and C), each with mature fusiform aneurysms. Our methodology utilises initial and follow-up computerised tomography scans for each patient to identify regions of mural thrombus growth and to provide patient-specific models for hemodynamic analysis using computational fluid dynamics. The intervals between scans for patients A, B and C were 17, 15 and 3 months, respectively.