Rewiring of hormones and light response pathways underlies the inhibition of stomatal development in an amphibious plant Rorippa aquatica underwater.

Land plants have evolved the ability to cope with submergence. Amphibious plants are adapted to both aerial and aquatic environments through phenotypic plasticity in leaf form and function, known as heterophylly. In general, underwater leaves of amphibious plants are devoid of stomata, yet their molecular regulatory mechanisms remain elusive.